El “siempreverde” (Ligustrum lucidum), ¿Altera la composición de las comunidades de hongos micorrícicos arbusculares en el Chaco Serrano?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.20.30.2.0.1017Palabras clave:
planta invasora leñosa, grupos funcionales de hongos, propiedades del suelo, simbiosisResumen
Las invasiones biológicas representan una gran amenaza para la biodiversidad y la integridad de los ecosistemas dado que alteran las comunidades bióticas. Entre las comunidades bióticas del suelo se destacan los hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA), que establecen asociaciones simbióticas con la mayoría de las plantas terrestres. Las especies de HMA no responden del mismo modo a los cambios ambientales, por lo que se propuso la existencia de grupos de especies de HMA con estrategias ecológicas compartidas (ruderales, competidoras y estrés tolerantes). Las plantas invasoras son capaces de alterar las comunidades de HMA para su propio beneficio. Este podría ser el caso del “siempreverde” (Ligustrum lucidum), un árbol asiático que invade numerosos sectores de la Argentina y forma, en algunas zonas, bosques monoespecíficos densos. En este estudio se compararon las comunidades de esporas de HMA entre bosques monoespecíficos de siempreverde y bosques chaqueños serranos nativos. Se seleccionaron 6 áreas con ambos tipos de bosque. De cada área se tomaron muestras de suelo, a las que se les midieron características físico-químicas y se les extrajeron las esporas de HMA. De acuerdo con lo esperado, la composición de las comunidades de esporas de estos bosques monoespecíficos fue diferente a la presente en suelos de bosques nativos. La riqueza de morfoespecies de esporas de HMA no mostró diferencias entre ambos tipos de bosque, pero la abundancia total fue mayor en los suelos de bosque de siempreverde, que presentan un mayor número de esporas de especies ruderales. Este estudio provee evidencia que sugiere que la expansión del siempreverde altera las comunidades de esporas de HMA y algunas propiedades químicas del suelo. Estos cambios posiblemente sean parte del mecanismo que promueve la formación de bosques monoespecíficos.
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