Problemas ambientales asociados a la actividad humana: la agricultura
Palabras clave:
intensificación de la agricultura, cambio global, biodiversidad, servicios del ecosistema, sustentabilidadResumen
El crecimiento de la población humana, el consumo per capita y la complejidad de los centros urbanos impulsaron la expansión de la agricultura y la intensificación productiva por unidad de superficie. Estos cambios contribuyeron a la generación de problemas ambientales globales como la alteración de: i) los ciclos biogeoquímicos, ii) los usos de la tierra, iii) la biodiversidad global a todos los niveles, y iv) la dispersión de la biota más allá de los límites geográficos naturales. Las innovaciones tecnológicas continuas mantuvieron el funcionamiento del ecosistema, lo cual da una apariencia de relativa estabilidad y retarda la percepción del deterioro del ambiente. El funcionamiento del ecosistema podría favorecerse al revertir la tendencia actual de degradación del ambiente agrícola y de especialización de la producción agrícola. Aunque los sistemas especializados pueden parecer más productivos a los ojos del agricultor, es posible también que esta percepción haya sido inducida por gran parte de la investigación agrícola, que tiene una “caja de herramientas adecuadas” de experimentos para el desarrollo de tecnología en sistemas simples. Por ello, los investigadores tienen un papel fundamental en la generación de nuevas herramientas que imiten a la naturaleza, y que favorezcan el reciclado de nutrientes, la biodiversidad y los mecanismos de regulación natural. Los agricultores también tienen un papel muy importante en la conservación de las propiedades y funciones del ecosistema, a partir del desafío de planificar un sistema agrícola diverso y complejo, pero al mismo tiempo productivo.
Citas
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BALDWIN, IT & CA PRESTON. 1999. The eco-physiological complexity of plant responses to insect herbivores. Planta 208:137-145.
BENTON, TG; JA VICKERY & JD WILSON. 2003. Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key? TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution, 18:182-188.
BERKELMANS R; H FERRIS; M TENUTA & AHC VAN BRUGGEN. 2003. Effects of long-term crop management on nematode trophic levels other than plant feeders disappear after 1 year of disruptive soil management. Applied Soil Ecology 23:223-235.
BEZEMER, TM; GB DE DEYN; TM BOSSINGA; NM VAN DAM; JA HARVEY ET AL. 2005. Soil community composition drives aboveground plant-herbivore, parasitoid interactions. Ecology Letters 8:652-661.
BHOWMIK, PC. 2005. Characteristics, significance, and human dimension of global invasive weeds. Pp. 251-268 en Indejit (ed.). Invasive plants: ecological and agricultural aspects. Birkäuser Verlag, Alemania.
BRUSSAARD, L; PC DE RUITER & GG BROWN. 2007. Soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 121:233-244.
BUTLER, SJ; JA VICKERY & K NORRIS. 2007. Farmland biodiversity and the footprint of agriculture. Science 315:381-383.
CÁRCOVA, J; GA MADDONNI & CM GHERSA. 2000. Long-term cropping effects on maize crop evapotranspiration and grain yield. Agronomy Journal 92:1256-1265.
CARPENTER, SR; NF CARACO; DL CORRELL; RW HOWARTH; AN SHARPLEY ET AL. 1998. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecology Applied 8:359.
CHAPIN III, FS; ES ZAVALETA; VT EVINER; RL NAYLOR; PM VITOUSEK ET AL. 2000 Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405:234-242.
CÁMARA DE SANIDAD AGROPECUARIA Y FERTILIZANTES (CASAFE). 2008. http://www.casafe.org.ar.
CRAWLEY, MJ. 1997. Biodiversity. 19 Pp. 595-632 en Crawley, MJ (ed.). Plant ecology. Blackwell Science Ltd., UK.
DE LA FUENTE, EB; SA SUÁREZ; CM GHERSA & RJC LEÓN. 1999. Soybean weed community: relationship whit cultural history and crop yield. Agronomy Journal 91:234-241.
DE LA FUENTE, EB; SA SUÁREZ & MC GHERSA. 2003. Weed and insect communities in wheat with different management. Agronomy Journal 95:1542-1549.
DE LA FUENTE, EB; SA SUÁREZ & CM GHERSA. 2006. Soybean weed community composition and richness between 1995 and 2003 in the Rolling Pampas (Argentina). Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 115(1-4):229-236.
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BERKELMANS R; H FERRIS; M TENUTA & AHC VAN BRUGGEN. 2003. Effects of long-term crop management on nematode trophic levels other than plant feeders disappear after 1 year of disruptive soil management. Applied Soil Ecology 23:223-235.
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BRUSSAARD, L; PC DE RUITER & GG BROWN. 2007. Soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 121:233-244.
BUTLER, SJ; JA VICKERY & K NORRIS. 2007. Farmland biodiversity and the footprint of agriculture. Science 315:381-383.
CÁRCOVA, J; GA MADDONNI & CM GHERSA. 2000. Long-term cropping effects on maize crop evapotranspiration and grain yield. Agronomy Journal 92:1256-1265.
CARPENTER, SR; NF CARACO; DL CORRELL; RW HOWARTH; AN SHARPLEY ET AL. 1998. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecology Applied 8:359.
CHAPIN III, FS; ES ZAVALETA; VT EVINER; RL NAYLOR; PM VITOUSEK ET AL. 2000 Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405:234-242.
CÁMARA DE SANIDAD AGROPECUARIA Y FERTILIZANTES (CASAFE). 2008. http://www.casafe.org.ar.
CRAWLEY, MJ. 1997. Biodiversity. 19 Pp. 595-632 en Crawley, MJ (ed.). Plant ecology. Blackwell Science Ltd., UK.
DE LA FUENTE, EB; SA SUÁREZ; CM GHERSA & RJC LEÓN. 1999. Soybean weed community: relationship whit cultural history and crop yield. Agronomy Journal 91:234-241.
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DE LA FUENTE, EB; SA SUÁREZ & CM GHERSA. 2006. Soybean weed community composition and richness between 1995 and 2003 in the Rolling Pampas (Argentina). Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 115(1-4):229-236.
DOUCET, ME & P LAX. 1999. Presence of the nematode Heterodera glycines (Nematoda: Tylenchida) associated with soybean in Argentina. Nematology 1(2):213-216.
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FOLEY, JA; R DEFRIES; GP ASNER; C BARFORD; G BONAN ET AL. 2005. Global consequences of land use. Science 309:570-574.
FORMAN, RTT. 1998. Land mosaics: The ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press. FUHRER, J. 2003. Agroecosystems response to combinations of elevated CO2, ozone and global climatic change. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 97:1-20.
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GIL, A. 2000. Variabilidad intra específica de la composición química de Tagetes minuta. Su relación con la competencia y la herbivoría. Tesis de Magister cientiae, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
GRUPTA, VVSR & GW YEATES. 1997. Soil microfauna as bioindicators of oil health. 9 Pp. 201-234 en Pankhurst, CE; BM Doube & VVSR Grupta (eds.). Biological indicators of soil health. CAB International, UK.
LACHER, TE JR; RD SLACK; LM COBURN & MI GOLDSTEIN. 1999. The role of agroecosystems in wildlife biodiversity. 9 Pp. 147-166 en Collins WW & CO Qualset (eds.). Biodiversity in agroecosystems. Lewis Publishers, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, USA.
LENARDIS, A; C VAN BAREN; P DI LEO LIRA & CM GHERSA. 2007. Plant-soil interactions in wheat and coriander crops driving arthropod assemblies through volatile compounds. European Journal of Agronomy 26:410-417.
LEÓN, RJC & A SUERO. 1962. Las comunidades de malezas de los maizales y su valor indicador. Revista Argentina de Agronomía 29(1-2):23-28.
LOREAU, M; A OTENG-YEBOAH; MTK ARROYO; D BABIN; R BARBAULT ET AL. 2006. Diversity without representation. Nature 442(20):245-246.
HALL, AJ; CM REBELLA; CM GHERSA & JPH CULOT. 1992. Field-Crop systems of the Pampas. Pp. 413–449 en CJ Pearson (ed.). Field Crop Ecosystems. Ecosystems of the World. Elsevier.
HOOPER, DU; FS CHAPIN III; JJ EWEL; A HECTOR; P INCHAUSTI ET AL. 2005. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs 75(1):3-35.
MAGID, J; T MUELLER; LS JENSEN & NE NIELSEN. 1997. Modeling the measurable: interpretation of field- scale CO2 and N-mineralization, soil microbial biomass and light fractions as indicators of oilseed rape, maize and barley straw decomposition. 26 Pp. 349-362 en Cadish, G & KE Giller (eds.). Driven by nature. Plant litter quality and decomposition. CAB International, UK.
MANNION, AM. 1997. Agriculture and land transformation. 2. Present trends and future prospects. Outlook on Agriculture 26(3):151-158.
MICHELENA, RO; CB IRURTIA; FA VAVRUSKA; R MON & A PITTALUGA. 1989. Degradación de suelos en el Norte de la Región Pampeana. INTA Pub. Tecn. 6.0. Centros regionales de Buenos Aires Norte, Córdoba, Entre Ríos y Santa Fé. Proyecto de Agricultura Conservacionista. Argentina.
MYERS, RJK; M VAN NOORWIJK & P VITYAKON. 1997. Synchrony of nutrient released and plant demand: plant litter quality soil environment and farmer management options. 17 Pp. 215-230 en Cadish, G & KE Giller (eds.). Driven by nature. Plant litter quality and decomposition. CAB International, UK.
NOEL, GR. 1995. History, distribution, and economics. 1 Pp. 1-13 en RR Riggs & JA Wrather (eds.). Biology and management of the soybean cyst nematode. APS Press, USA.
NORRIS, RF; EP CASWELL-CHEN & M KOGAN. 2003. Ecosystems biodiversity and IPM. 7 Pp. 155-171 en Norris, RF; EP Caswell-Chen & M Kogan (eds.). Concepts in integrated pest management, Prentice Hall, USA.
OKADA, H & H HARADA. 2007. Effects of tillage and fertilizer on nematode communities in Japanese soybean field. Applied Soil Ecology 35:582-598.
OMACINI, M; EJ CHANETON; RJC LEÓN & WB BATISTA. 1995. Old-field successional dynamics on the Inland Pampa, Argentina. Journals of Vegetation Science 6:309-316.
OMACINI, M; P TOGNETTI; H TREBINO & EJ CHANETON. 2005. La sucesión postagrícola en la Pampa Interior: invasión y dominancia de de plantas exóticas durante los primeros 20 años. 3 Pp. 215-234 en Oesterheld, M; MR Aguiar; CM Ghersa & JM Paruelo (compiladores). La heterogeneidad de la vegetación de los agroecosistemas. Un homenaje a Rolando J.C. León. Editorial Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, Bs. As. Argentina.
PANKHURST, CE. 1997. Biodiversity of soil organisms as an indicator of soil health. 12 Pp. 297-324 en Pankhurst, CE; BM Doube & VVSR Grupta (eds.). Biological indicators of soil health. CAB International, UK.
PAOLETTI, MG & D PIMENTEL. 2000. Environmental risks of pesticides versus genetic engineering for agricultural pest control. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 12:279-303.
PARODI, LR. 1926. Las malezas de los cultivos en el partido de Pergamino. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria UBA 5(2):75-188.
PARODI, LR. 1930. Ensayo fitogeográfico sobre el partido de Pergamino. Estudio de las Praderas Pampeanas en el norte de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria UBA 7(1):65-271.
PARODY, JM; F CUTHBERT & EH DECKER. 2001. The effect of 50 years of landscape change on species richness and community composition. Global Ecology and Biogeography 10:305-313.
PIMENTEL, D; S MCNAIR; J JANECKA; J WIGHTMAN; C SIMMONDS ET AL. 2001. Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 84:1-20.
PIMENTEL D. 2005. Environmental consequences and economic costs of alien species. Pp. 269- 276 en Indejit (ed.). Invasive plants: ecological and agricultural aspects. Birkäuser Verlag, Alemania.
RADOSEVICH, SR; JS HOLT & CM GHERSA. 2007. Evolution of weeds and invasive plants. 4 Pp. 103-128 en Radosevich, SR; JS Holt & CM Ghersa (eds.). Ecology of weeds and invasive plants. John Wiley & Sons, USA.
RUITER, PC; AM NEUTEL & JC MOORE. 1998. Biodiversity in soil ecosystems: the role of energy flow and community stability. Applied Soil Ecology 10:217-228.
SAGPYA. 2008. Secretaria de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Alimentos. Agricultura. Informes Anuales. Disponible en: http://www.sagpya.mecon.gov.ar/.
SÁNCHEZ-MORENO, S & H FERRIS. 2007. Suppressive service of the soil food web: effects of environmental management. Agricultural, Ecosystems & Environment 119:75-87.
SATORRE, EH. 2005. Cambios tecnológicos en la agricultura argentina actual. Ciencia Hoy 15(87):24-31.
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2008-12-01
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de la Fuente, E. B., & Suárez, S. A. (2008). Problemas ambientales asociados a la actividad humana: la agricultura. Ecología Austral, 18(3), 239–252. Recuperado a partir de https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1373
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