Efectos del tacuarembó (Chusquea ramosissima, Poaceae) sobre el proceso de dispersión de semillas en la Selva Misionera
Palabras clave:
floración cañas, depredación de semillas, remoción de semillas, uso de hábitatResumen
La dispersión de semillas mediada por mamíferos genera una distribución heterogénea de las semillas en el espacio, con mayor abundancia en aquellas áreas más utilizadas de sus territorios. A su vez, las semillas alojadas en las heces de los mamíferos sufren alta remoción y depredación. En áreas disturbadas de la Selva Misionera, Chusquea ramosissima (tacuarembó) genera un sotobosque cerrado, con escasa regeneración de especies arbóreas. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar si la presencia de tacuarembó dificulta las etapas de dispersión y posdispersión de semillas, y si su floración y posterior muerte revierten esta situación en el Parque Nacional Iguazú, donde muchas áreas con tacuarembó habían florecido y habían sido reemplazadas por un sotobosque más abierto de helechos y piperáceas. Para ello evaluamos la depredación de semillas por roedores por medio de la oferta de semillas con y sin heces, en ambientes con y sin tacuarembó. Además, evaluamos la abundancia de rastros de mamíferos en ambos ambientes. La presencia de tacuarembó no afectó la actividad de los roedores, quienes utilizarían las heces como señal de búsqueda para encontrar semillas. La presencia de tacuarembó sí alteraría la actividad de los mamíferos grandes, por lo que la llegada de semillas de gran tamaño estaría limitada a áreas libres de tacuarembó. Esta interrupción en la dispersión se revertiría por la floración de las cañas y por el subsiguiente cambio de composición del sotobosque.
Citas
ABE, M; H MIGUCHI & T NAKASHIZUKA. 2001. An interactive effect of simultaneous death of dwarf bamboo, canopy gap, and predatory rodents on beech regeneration. Oecologia 127:281-286.
ANDRESEN, E. 1999. Seed dispersal by monkeys and the fate of dispersed seeds in a Peruvian Rain Forest. Biotropica 31:145-158.
ANDRESEN, E. 2001. Effects of dung presence, dung amount and secondary dispersal by dung beetles on the fate of Michopholis guyanensis (Sapotaceae) seeds in Central Amazonia. J. Trop. Ecol. 17:61-78.
BECK-KING, H; O VON HELVERSEN & R BECK-KING. 1999. Home Range, Population Density, and Food Resources of Agouti paca (Rodentia: Agoutidae) in Costa Rica: A Study Using Alternative Methods 1. Biotropica 31:675-685.
BECKER, M & JC DALPONDE. 1991. Rastros de mamíferos silvestres brasileiros - um guía de campo. Buarque, C; E Watanabe Kitajima; E Araújo; E de Almeida Maciel; J de Lima Acioli et al. (eds.). Editora Universidade de Brasília. 169 pp.
BRAVO, SP. 2003. Efecto de carayá (Alouatta caraya) en la dinámica y regeneración de las selvas de inundación del Paraná Medio. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Buenos Aires.
CAMPANELLO, PI. 2005. Diversidad, crecimiento y fisiología de árboles en la Selva Misionera: efectos de los cambios en la estructura y funcionamiento del ecosistema producidos por la invasión de lianas y bambúseas. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Buenos Aires.
CAMPANELLO, PI; MG GATTI; A ARES; L MONTTI & G GOLDSTEIN. 2007a. Tree regeneration and microclimate in a liana and bamboo-dominated semideciduous Atlantic Forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 252:108-117.
CAMPANELLO P; JF GARIBALDI; MG GATTI & G GOLDSTEIN. 2007b. Lianas in a subtropical Atlantic Forest: host preference and tree growth. For. Ecol. Manage. 242:250-259.
CHAMBERS, JC & JA MACMAHON. 1994. A day in the life of a seed: Movements and fates of seeds and their implications for natural and managed systems. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Sys. 25:263-292.
CHAPMAN, CA. 1988. Pattern foraging and range use by three species of neotropical primates. Primates 29:177-194.
CHAPMAN, CA. 1989. Primate Seed Dispersal: The Fate of Seeds. Biotropica 21:148-154.
CLARK, DB; DA CLARK; PM RICH; S WEISS & SF OBERBAUER. 1995. Landscape scale evaluation of understory light and canopy structure: methods and application in a neotropical lowland rain forest. Can. J. For. Res. 26:747-757.
DI BITETTI, MS; A PAVIOLO; CA FERRARI; C DE ANGELO & Y DI BLANCO. 2008. Differential Responses to Hunting in Two Sympatric Species of Brocket Deer (Mazama americana and Mazama nana). Biotropica DOI. 10.1111/j.1744-429.2008.00413.x
DIMITRI, MJ; C VOLKART; C AMBROSIUS & F TIBURCIO. 1974. La flora arbórea del Parque Nacional Iguazú. Anales de Parques Nacionales 12:1-180.
FEER, F. 1999. Effects of dung beetles (Scarabaeidae) on seed dispersed by howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in the French Guianan rain forest. J. Trop. Ecol. 15:129-142.
FERRARI, C. 2006. Abundancia, uso de habitat y horarios de actividad de la corzuela roja (Mazama americana) y la corzuela enana (Mazama nana) en la Selva Paranaense. Tesis de Licenciatura en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata.
FLEMING, TH. 1991. Fruiting plant-frugivore mutualism: the evolutionary theater and the ecological play. Pp. 119-144 en: Price, PW; TM. Lewinsohn; GW Fernandes & WW Benson (eds.). Plant-animal interactions: evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. Wiley & Sons, New York.
FLEURY, M & M GALETTI. 2006. Forest fragment size and microhabitat effects on palm seed predation. Biological Conservation 131:1-13.
FOERSTER, CF & C VAUGHAN. 2002. Home range, habitat use, and activity of Baird’s Tapir in Costa Rica. Biotropica 34:423-437.
FORGET, PM & T MILLERON. 1991. Evidence for secondary seed dispersal by rodents in Panama. Oecologia 87:596-599.
FRAGOSO, JM. 1997. Tapir-generated seed shadows: scale-dependent patchiness in the Amazon rain forest. J. Ecol. 85:519-529.
FRAGOSO, JM; KM SILVIUS & JA CORREA. 2003. Long- distance seed dispersal by tapirs increases seed survival and aggregates tropical trees: Long- distance dispersal. Ecology 84:1998-2006.
GALETTI, M; V ZIPPARRO & LP MORELLATO. 1999. Fruit phenology and frugivory on the palm Euterpe edulis in a lowland Atlantic forest of Brazil. Ecotropica 5:115-122.
GARBER, P & JE LAMBERT. 1998. Primates as Seed Dispersers: Ecological Processes and Directions for Future Research. Am. J. Primatol. 45:3-8.
GATTI, MG; PI CAMPANELLO; LF MONTTI & G GOLDSTEIN. 2008. Frost resistance in the tropical palm Euterpe edulis and its pattern of distribution in the Atlantic Forest of Argentina. Forest Ecology and Management 256:633-640.
GILL, RMA & V BEARDALL. 2001. The impact of deer on woodlands: the effects of browsing and seed dispersal on vegetation structure and composition. Forestry 74:209-218.
IDA, H & N NAKAGOSHI. 1996. Gnawing damage by rodents to the seedlings of Fagus crenata and Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata in a temperate Sasa grassland-deciduous forest series in southwestern Japan. Ecological Research 11:97-103.
JANZEN, DH. 1976. Why bamboos wait so long to flower. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Sys. 7:347-387.
JANSEN, PAM; M BARTHOLOMEUS; F BONGERS; JA ELZINGA; J DEN OUDEN ET AL. 2002. The role of seed size in dispersal by a scatter-hoarding rodent. Pp. 209-226 en: Levey, DJ; WR Silva & M Galetti (eds.) Seed dispersal and frugivory: ecology, evolution and conservation. CABI Publishing.
JANSEN, PA; F BONGERS & L HEMERIK. 2004. Seed mass and mast seeding enhance dispersal by a neotropical scatter-hoarding rodent. Ecological Monographs 74:559-589.
JORDANO, P. 2000. Fruits and frugivory. Pp 125-165 en: Fenner, M (ed.). Seeds, the ecology of regeneration in plant communities. CABI Publishing.
PAGES, G; E LLOYD & SA SUÁREZ. 2005. The impact of goephagy on ranging behaviour in Phayre ́s Leaf Monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei). Folia Primatologica 76:342-346.
PIZO, MA & EM VIEIRA. 2004. Palm harvesting affects seed predation of Euterpeedulis, a threatened palm of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Brazilian Journal of Biology 64:669-676.
PIZO, MA & I SIMÃO. 2001. Seed deposition patterns and the survival of seeds and seedlings of the palm Euterpe edulis. Acta Oecologia 22:229-233.
REIS, A & PY KAGEYAMA. 2000. Dispersão de sementes do palmiteiro (Euterpe edulis Martius- Palmae). Sellowia 49-52:60-92.
SATO, T. 2000. Effects of rodent gnawing on the survival of current-year seedlings of Quercus crispula. Ecological Research 15:335-344.
SHUPP, EW; T MILLERON & SE RUSSO. 2002. Dissemination, limitation and the origin and maintenance of species-rich tropical forest. Pp. 19-34 en: Levey, DJ; WR Silva & M Galetti (eds.) Seed dispersal and frugivory: ecology, evolution and conservation. CABI Publishing.
SILVIUS, KM & JM FRAGOSO. 2003. Red-rumped Agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) Home Range Use in an Amazonian Forest: Implications for the Aggregated Distribution of Forest Trees1 Biotropica 35:74–83.
TWEHEYO, M & KA LYE. 2005. Patterns of frugivory of the Budongo Forest chimpanzees, Uganda. Afr. J. Ecol. 43:282–290.
VANDER WALL, SB. 2002. Secondary dispersal of jeffrey pine seed by rodent scatter-hoarders: the roles of pilfering, recaching and a variable enviroment. Pp. 193-208 en: Levey, DJ; WR Silva & M Galetti (eds.) Seed dispersal and frugivory: ecology, evolution and conservation. CABI Publishing.
VANDER WALL, SB & WS LONGLAND. 2004. Diplochory: are two seed dispersers better than one? Trends in Ecol. and Evol. 19(3):155-161.
VANDER WALL, SB; KM KUHN & JR GWOREK. 2005a. Two-phase seed dispersal: linking the effects of frugivorous birds and seed-caching rodents. Oecologia 145:1432-1939.
VANDER WALL, SB; KM KUHN & JR GWOREK. 2005b. Seed removal, seed predation, and secondary dispersal. Ecology 86:801-806.
VOYSEY, BC; KE MCDONALD; ME ROGERS; CEG TUTIN & RJ PARNELL. 1999. Gorillas and seed dispersal in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. II: Survival and growth of seedling. J. Trop. Ecol. 5:39-60.
WANG, BC & TB SMITH. 2002. Closing the seed dispersal loop. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17:379-385.
WENNY, DG. 1999. Two -stage dispersal of Guarea glabra and G. Kunthiana (Meliaceae) in Monteverde, Costa Rica. J. Trop. Ecol. 15:481-496.
ANDRESEN, E. 1999. Seed dispersal by monkeys and the fate of dispersed seeds in a Peruvian Rain Forest. Biotropica 31:145-158.
ANDRESEN, E. 2001. Effects of dung presence, dung amount and secondary dispersal by dung beetles on the fate of Michopholis guyanensis (Sapotaceae) seeds in Central Amazonia. J. Trop. Ecol. 17:61-78.
BECK-KING, H; O VON HELVERSEN & R BECK-KING. 1999. Home Range, Population Density, and Food Resources of Agouti paca (Rodentia: Agoutidae) in Costa Rica: A Study Using Alternative Methods 1. Biotropica 31:675-685.
BECKER, M & JC DALPONDE. 1991. Rastros de mamíferos silvestres brasileiros - um guía de campo. Buarque, C; E Watanabe Kitajima; E Araújo; E de Almeida Maciel; J de Lima Acioli et al. (eds.). Editora Universidade de Brasília. 169 pp.
BRAVO, SP. 2003. Efecto de carayá (Alouatta caraya) en la dinámica y regeneración de las selvas de inundación del Paraná Medio. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Buenos Aires.
CAMPANELLO, PI. 2005. Diversidad, crecimiento y fisiología de árboles en la Selva Misionera: efectos de los cambios en la estructura y funcionamiento del ecosistema producidos por la invasión de lianas y bambúseas. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Buenos Aires.
CAMPANELLO, PI; MG GATTI; A ARES; L MONTTI & G GOLDSTEIN. 2007a. Tree regeneration and microclimate in a liana and bamboo-dominated semideciduous Atlantic Forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 252:108-117.
CAMPANELLO P; JF GARIBALDI; MG GATTI & G GOLDSTEIN. 2007b. Lianas in a subtropical Atlantic Forest: host preference and tree growth. For. Ecol. Manage. 242:250-259.
CHAMBERS, JC & JA MACMAHON. 1994. A day in the life of a seed: Movements and fates of seeds and their implications for natural and managed systems. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Sys. 25:263-292.
CHAPMAN, CA. 1988. Pattern foraging and range use by three species of neotropical primates. Primates 29:177-194.
CHAPMAN, CA. 1989. Primate Seed Dispersal: The Fate of Seeds. Biotropica 21:148-154.
CLARK, DB; DA CLARK; PM RICH; S WEISS & SF OBERBAUER. 1995. Landscape scale evaluation of understory light and canopy structure: methods and application in a neotropical lowland rain forest. Can. J. For. Res. 26:747-757.
DI BITETTI, MS; A PAVIOLO; CA FERRARI; C DE ANGELO & Y DI BLANCO. 2008. Differential Responses to Hunting in Two Sympatric Species of Brocket Deer (Mazama americana and Mazama nana). Biotropica DOI. 10.1111/j.1744-429.2008.00413.x
DIMITRI, MJ; C VOLKART; C AMBROSIUS & F TIBURCIO. 1974. La flora arbórea del Parque Nacional Iguazú. Anales de Parques Nacionales 12:1-180.
FEER, F. 1999. Effects of dung beetles (Scarabaeidae) on seed dispersed by howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in the French Guianan rain forest. J. Trop. Ecol. 15:129-142.
FERRARI, C. 2006. Abundancia, uso de habitat y horarios de actividad de la corzuela roja (Mazama americana) y la corzuela enana (Mazama nana) en la Selva Paranaense. Tesis de Licenciatura en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata.
FLEMING, TH. 1991. Fruiting plant-frugivore mutualism: the evolutionary theater and the ecological play. Pp. 119-144 en: Price, PW; TM. Lewinsohn; GW Fernandes & WW Benson (eds.). Plant-animal interactions: evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. Wiley & Sons, New York.
FLEURY, M & M GALETTI. 2006. Forest fragment size and microhabitat effects on palm seed predation. Biological Conservation 131:1-13.
FOERSTER, CF & C VAUGHAN. 2002. Home range, habitat use, and activity of Baird’s Tapir in Costa Rica. Biotropica 34:423-437.
FORGET, PM & T MILLERON. 1991. Evidence for secondary seed dispersal by rodents in Panama. Oecologia 87:596-599.
FRAGOSO, JM. 1997. Tapir-generated seed shadows: scale-dependent patchiness in the Amazon rain forest. J. Ecol. 85:519-529.
FRAGOSO, JM; KM SILVIUS & JA CORREA. 2003. Long- distance seed dispersal by tapirs increases seed survival and aggregates tropical trees: Long- distance dispersal. Ecology 84:1998-2006.
GALETTI, M; V ZIPPARRO & LP MORELLATO. 1999. Fruit phenology and frugivory on the palm Euterpe edulis in a lowland Atlantic forest of Brazil. Ecotropica 5:115-122.
GARBER, P & JE LAMBERT. 1998. Primates as Seed Dispersers: Ecological Processes and Directions for Future Research. Am. J. Primatol. 45:3-8.
GATTI, MG; PI CAMPANELLO; LF MONTTI & G GOLDSTEIN. 2008. Frost resistance in the tropical palm Euterpe edulis and its pattern of distribution in the Atlantic Forest of Argentina. Forest Ecology and Management 256:633-640.
GILL, RMA & V BEARDALL. 2001. The impact of deer on woodlands: the effects of browsing and seed dispersal on vegetation structure and composition. Forestry 74:209-218.
IDA, H & N NAKAGOSHI. 1996. Gnawing damage by rodents to the seedlings of Fagus crenata and Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata in a temperate Sasa grassland-deciduous forest series in southwestern Japan. Ecological Research 11:97-103.
JANZEN, DH. 1976. Why bamboos wait so long to flower. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Sys. 7:347-387.
JANSEN, PAM; M BARTHOLOMEUS; F BONGERS; JA ELZINGA; J DEN OUDEN ET AL. 2002. The role of seed size in dispersal by a scatter-hoarding rodent. Pp. 209-226 en: Levey, DJ; WR Silva & M Galetti (eds.) Seed dispersal and frugivory: ecology, evolution and conservation. CABI Publishing.
JANSEN, PA; F BONGERS & L HEMERIK. 2004. Seed mass and mast seeding enhance dispersal by a neotropical scatter-hoarding rodent. Ecological Monographs 74:559-589.
JORDANO, P. 2000. Fruits and frugivory. Pp 125-165 en: Fenner, M (ed.). Seeds, the ecology of regeneration in plant communities. CABI Publishing.
PAGES, G; E LLOYD & SA SUÁREZ. 2005. The impact of goephagy on ranging behaviour in Phayre ́s Leaf Monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei). Folia Primatologica 76:342-346.
PIZO, MA & EM VIEIRA. 2004. Palm harvesting affects seed predation of Euterpeedulis, a threatened palm of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Brazilian Journal of Biology 64:669-676.
PIZO, MA & I SIMÃO. 2001. Seed deposition patterns and the survival of seeds and seedlings of the palm Euterpe edulis. Acta Oecologia 22:229-233.
REIS, A & PY KAGEYAMA. 2000. Dispersão de sementes do palmiteiro (Euterpe edulis Martius- Palmae). Sellowia 49-52:60-92.
SATO, T. 2000. Effects of rodent gnawing on the survival of current-year seedlings of Quercus crispula. Ecological Research 15:335-344.
SHUPP, EW; T MILLERON & SE RUSSO. 2002. Dissemination, limitation and the origin and maintenance of species-rich tropical forest. Pp. 19-34 en: Levey, DJ; WR Silva & M Galetti (eds.) Seed dispersal and frugivory: ecology, evolution and conservation. CABI Publishing.
SILVIUS, KM & JM FRAGOSO. 2003. Red-rumped Agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) Home Range Use in an Amazonian Forest: Implications for the Aggregated Distribution of Forest Trees1 Biotropica 35:74–83.
TWEHEYO, M & KA LYE. 2005. Patterns of frugivory of the Budongo Forest chimpanzees, Uganda. Afr. J. Ecol. 43:282–290.
VANDER WALL, SB. 2002. Secondary dispersal of jeffrey pine seed by rodent scatter-hoarders: the roles of pilfering, recaching and a variable enviroment. Pp. 193-208 en: Levey, DJ; WR Silva & M Galetti (eds.) Seed dispersal and frugivory: ecology, evolution and conservation. CABI Publishing.
VANDER WALL, SB & WS LONGLAND. 2004. Diplochory: are two seed dispersers better than one? Trends in Ecol. and Evol. 19(3):155-161.
VANDER WALL, SB; KM KUHN & JR GWOREK. 2005a. Two-phase seed dispersal: linking the effects of frugivorous birds and seed-caching rodents. Oecologia 145:1432-1939.
VANDER WALL, SB; KM KUHN & JR GWOREK. 2005b. Seed removal, seed predation, and secondary dispersal. Ecology 86:801-806.
VOYSEY, BC; KE MCDONALD; ME ROGERS; CEG TUTIN & RJ PARNELL. 1999. Gorillas and seed dispersal in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. II: Survival and growth of seedling. J. Trop. Ecol. 5:39-60.
WANG, BC & TB SMITH. 2002. Closing the seed dispersal loop. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17:379-385.
WENNY, DG. 1999. Two -stage dispersal of Guarea glabra and G. Kunthiana (Meliaceae) in Monteverde, Costa Rica. J. Trop. Ecol. 15:481-496.
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2008-12-01
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Gallardo, A., Montti, L., & Bravo, S. P. (2008). Efectos del tacuarembó (Chusquea ramosissima, Poaceae) sobre el proceso de dispersión de semillas en la Selva Misionera. Ecología Austral, 18(3), 347–356. Recuperado a partir de https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1381
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