Efecto de las terrazas sobre la diversidad de artrópodos caminadores en cultivos de soja
Palabras clave:
biodiversidad, depredadores, riqueza de especies, control de la erosión, agroecosistemas, siembra directaResumen
La pérdida de la biodiversidad y sus funciones en agroecosistemas es un tema de interés creciente en la investigación ecológica. Las terrazas, utilizadas para el control de la erosión hídrica, podrían actuar como refugios de artrópodos en los paisajes agrícolas. En este trabajo relevamos la riqueza y la abundancia total de especies y de depredadores en lotes de soja cultivados bajo el sistema de siembra directa y con la implementación o no de terrazas. Para el total del ciclo del cultivo, la riqueza total de especies fue significativamente mayor en los márgenes que en el cultivo, pero no así la de depredadores. La abundancia fue mayor en los márgenes que en los cultivos sólo para el total de individuos. Los depredadores fueron más abundantes en los márgenes sólo al comienzo y al final del ciclo del cultivo. Los lotes con terrazas no favorecieron la abundancia de artrópodos pero sí la riqueza tanto de depredadores como del total de especies, lo cual indica que la heterogeneidad ambiental que introducen las terrazas favorece la diversidad de artrópodos en la escala de lote. La riqueza de depredadores estuvo altamente correlacionada a la riqueza total de especies, lo que sugiere que este grupo funcional podría ser un buen indicador de la riqueza de especies estimada por trampas de caída.
Citas
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BORGES, PAV & VK BROWN. 2001. Phytophagous insects and web-building spiders in relation to pasture vegetation complexity. Ecography 24:68-82.
BÜCHS, W. 2003. Biodiversity and agri-environmental indicators - general scopes and skills with special reference to the habitat level. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 98:35-78.
BURKART, R; NO BÁRBARO; RO SÁNCHEZ & DA GÓMEZ. 1999. Eco-regiones de la Argentina. Administración de Parques Nacionales, 42 pp.
CARMONA, DM & DA LANDIS. 1999. Influence of refuge habitats and cover crops on seasonal activity-density of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in field crops. Environ. Entomol. 258:1145-1153.
CHAO, A & SM LEE. 1992. Estimating the number of classes via sample coverage. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 87:210-217.
CHAO, A & TJ SHEN. 2003. Program SPADE (Species Prediction And Diversity Estimation). Programa y Guía del Usuario publicado en http://chao.stat.nthu.edu.tw.
CHAPIN III, FS; ES ZABALETA; VT EVINER; RL NAYLOR; PM VITOUSEK ET AL. 2000. Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405:234-242.
CORBETT, A & RE PLANT. 1993. Role of movement in the response of natural enemies to agroecosystem diversification: a theoretical evaluation. Environ. Entomol. 22:519-531.
DE LA PEÑA, NM; A BUTET; Y DELETTRE; P MORANT & F BUREL. 2003. Landscape context and carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) communities of hedgerows in western France. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 94:59-72.
DE SNOO, JR. 1999. Unsprayed field margins: effects on environment, biodiversity and agricultural practice. Landscape Urban Plan. 46:151-160.
DENNIS, P; GLA FRY & A ANDERSEN. 2000. The impact of field boundary habitats on the diversity and abundance of natural enemies in cereals. Pp. 193-212 en: Ekbom, B; M Irwin & Y Roberts (eds.). Interchanges of insects. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.
DENNIS, P & GLA FRY. 1992. Field margins: can they enhance natural enemy population densities and general arthropod diversity on farmland? Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 40:95-115.
DENNIS, P. 1991. The temporal and spatial distribution of arthropod predators of the aphids Rhopalosiphum padi (L) and Sitobion avenae (F) in cereals next to field-margin habitats. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5:79-88.
DUELLI, P & MK OBRIST. 2003. Biodiversity indicators: the choice of values and measures. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 98:87-98.
DUELLI, P; MK OBRIST & DR SCHMATZ. 1999. Biodiversity evaluation in agricultural landscapes: above-ground insects. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 74:33-64.
DUELLI, P; M STUDER; I MARCHAND & S JACOBS. 1990. Population movements of arthropods between natural and cultivated areas. Biol. Conserv. 54:193-207.
FAHRIG, L & I JONSEN. 1998. Effect of habitat patch characteristics on abundance and diversity of insects in an agricultural landscape. Ecosystems 1:197-205.
FLEISHMAN, E; JR THOMPSON; R MAC NALLY; DD MURPHY & JP FAY. 2005. Using indicator species to predict species richness of multiple taxonomic groups. Conserv. Biol. 19:1125-1137.
IRMLER, U. 2003. The spatial and temporal pattern of carabid beetles on arable fields in northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein) and their value as ecological indicators. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 98:141-151.
KATI, V; P DEVILLERS; M DUFRÊNE; A LEGAKIS; D VOKOU ET AL. 2003. Testing the value of six taxonomic groups as biodiversity indicators at a local scale. Conserv. Biol. 18:667-675.
KAUTZ, G; M ZIMMER & W TOPP. 2002. Does Porcellio scaber (Isopoda: Oniscidea) gain from coprophagy? Soil Biol. Biochem. 34:1253-1259.
KEMP, JC & GW BARRETT. 1989. Spatial patterning: impact of uncultivated corridors on arthropod populations within soybean agroecosystems. Ecology 70:114-128.
LEE, JC; FD MENALLED & DA LANDIS. 2001. Refuge habitats modify impact of insecticide disturbance on carabid beetle communities. J. Appl. Ecol. 38:472-483.
LEMKE, A & HM POEHLING. 2002. Sown weed strips in cereal fields: overwintering site and “source” habitat for Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall) and Erigone atra Blackwall) (Araneae: Erigonidae). Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 90:67-80.
LILJESTHRÖM, G; E MINERVINO; D CASTRO & A GONZÁLEZ. 2002. La comunidad de arañas del cultivo de soja en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Neotropical Entomology 31:197-210.
LINDENMAYER, DB; CR MARGULES & DB BOTKIN. 2000. Indicators of biodiversity for ecologically sustainable forest management. Conserv. Biol. 14:941-950.
LÖVEI, GL & KD SUNDERLAND. 1996. Ecology and behavior of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Annu. Rev. Entomol. 41:231-256.
MAC NALLY, R & E FLEISHMAN. 2004. A successful predictive model of species richness based on indicator species. Conserv. Biol. 18:646-654.
MARASAS, ME; SJ SARANDÓN & AC CICCHINO. 2001. Changes in arthropod functional group in a wheat crop under conventional and no tillage systems in Argentina. Appl. Soil Ecol. 18:61-68.
MARC, P; A CANARD & F YSNEL. 1999. Spiders (Araneae) useful for pest limitation and bioindication. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 74:229-273.
MASSARO, RA; A MAI; G ROSSI & G PRIETO. 1992. Evolucion de poblaciones de insectos fitofagos en soja con sistemas de labranza minima y siembra directa en el sur de Santa Fe. Ciclo 1991/92. VIII Jornadas Fitosanitarias Argentinas, Paraná.
OERTLI, S; A MÜLLER; D STEINER; A BREITENSTEIN & S DORN. 2005. Cross-taxon congruence of species diversity and community similarity among three insect taxa in a mosaic landscape. Biol. Conserv. 126:195-205.
OLIVER, I & AJ BEATTIE. 1996. Designing a cost- effective invertebrate survey: a test of methods for rapid assessment of biodiversity. Ecol. Appl. 6:594-607.
PEARCE, JL & LA VENIER. 2006. The use of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and spiders (Araneae) as bioindicators of sustainable forest management: A review. Ecological Indicators 6:780-793.
PERNER, J; C WYTRYKUSH; A KAHMEN; N BUCHMANN; I EGERER ET AL. 2005. Effects of plant diversity, plant productivity and habitat parameters on arthropod abundance in montane European grasslands. Ecography 28:429-442.
PIMENTEL, D; C WILSON; C MCCULLUM; R HUANG; P DWEN ET AL. 1997. Economic and environmental benefits of biodiversity. Bioscience 47:747-757.
SALUSO, A. 2004. Determinación del Nivel de Daño Económico y plan de decisión secuencial para el manejo de Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille, 1804) (Crustacea: Isopoda) en soja. Tesis de Magister, Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, 75 pp.
SOKAL, RR & FJ ROHLF. 1995. Biometry. The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. Freeman & Company, New York, 887 pp.
SOUSA, JP; JV VINGADA; S LOUREIRO; MM DA GAMA & AMVM SOARES. 1998. Effects of introduced exotic tree species on growth, consumption and assimilation rates of the soil detritivore Porcellio dilatatus (Crustacea: Isopoda). Appl. Soil. Ecol. 9:399-403.
SWIFT, MJ; AMN IZAC & M VAN NOORDWIJK. 2004. Biodiversity and ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes - are we asking the right questions? Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 104:113-134.
THOMAS, CFG; JM HOLLAND & NJ BROWN. 2002. The spatial distribution of carabid beetles in agricultural landscapes. Pp 305-344 en: Holland, JM (ed.). The agroecology of carabid beetles. Intercept, Andover, U.K.
THOMAS, CFG & EJP MARSHALL. 1999. Arthropod abundance and diversity in differently vegetated margins of arable fields. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 72:131-144.
VARCHOLA, JM & JP DUNN. 1999. Changes in ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in farming systems bordered by complex or simple roadside vegetation. Agric. Ecoyst. Environ. 73:41-49.
ZACCAGNINI, ME & NC CALAMARI. 2001. Labranzas conservacionistas, siembra directa y biodiversidad. Pp. 29-68 en: Panigatti, JL; D Buschiazzo & H Marelli (eds.). Siembra Directa II. INTA, Buenos Aires.
ZACCAGNINI, ME; J DECARRE; A GOIJMAN; L SOLARI; R SUÁREZ ET AL. 2007. Efecto de la heterogeneidad ambiental de terrazas y bordes vegetados sobre la biodiversidad animal en campos de soja en Entre Ríos. Pp. 232 en: Caviglia, OP; OF Paparotti & MC Sasal (eds.). Agricultura Sustentable en Entre Ríos. Ediciones INTA. Buenos Aires.
ASTERAKI, E J; BJ HART; TC INGS & WJ MANLEY. 2004. Factors influencing the plant and invertebrate diversity of arable field margins. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 102:219-231.
BORGES, PAV & VK BROWN. 2001. Phytophagous insects and web-building spiders in relation to pasture vegetation complexity. Ecography 24:68-82.
BÜCHS, W. 2003. Biodiversity and agri-environmental indicators - general scopes and skills with special reference to the habitat level. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 98:35-78.
BURKART, R; NO BÁRBARO; RO SÁNCHEZ & DA GÓMEZ. 1999. Eco-regiones de la Argentina. Administración de Parques Nacionales, 42 pp.
CARMONA, DM & DA LANDIS. 1999. Influence of refuge habitats and cover crops on seasonal activity-density of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in field crops. Environ. Entomol. 258:1145-1153.
CHAO, A & SM LEE. 1992. Estimating the number of classes via sample coverage. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 87:210-217.
CHAO, A & TJ SHEN. 2003. Program SPADE (Species Prediction And Diversity Estimation). Programa y Guía del Usuario publicado en http://chao.stat.nthu.edu.tw.
CHAPIN III, FS; ES ZABALETA; VT EVINER; RL NAYLOR; PM VITOUSEK ET AL. 2000. Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405:234-242.
CORBETT, A & RE PLANT. 1993. Role of movement in the response of natural enemies to agroecosystem diversification: a theoretical evaluation. Environ. Entomol. 22:519-531.
DE LA PEÑA, NM; A BUTET; Y DELETTRE; P MORANT & F BUREL. 2003. Landscape context and carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) communities of hedgerows in western France. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 94:59-72.
DE SNOO, JR. 1999. Unsprayed field margins: effects on environment, biodiversity and agricultural practice. Landscape Urban Plan. 46:151-160.
DENNIS, P; GLA FRY & A ANDERSEN. 2000. The impact of field boundary habitats on the diversity and abundance of natural enemies in cereals. Pp. 193-212 en: Ekbom, B; M Irwin & Y Roberts (eds.). Interchanges of insects. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.
DENNIS, P & GLA FRY. 1992. Field margins: can they enhance natural enemy population densities and general arthropod diversity on farmland? Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 40:95-115.
DENNIS, P. 1991. The temporal and spatial distribution of arthropod predators of the aphids Rhopalosiphum padi (L) and Sitobion avenae (F) in cereals next to field-margin habitats. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5:79-88.
DUELLI, P & MK OBRIST. 2003. Biodiversity indicators: the choice of values and measures. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 98:87-98.
DUELLI, P; MK OBRIST & DR SCHMATZ. 1999. Biodiversity evaluation in agricultural landscapes: above-ground insects. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 74:33-64.
DUELLI, P; M STUDER; I MARCHAND & S JACOBS. 1990. Population movements of arthropods between natural and cultivated areas. Biol. Conserv. 54:193-207.
FAHRIG, L & I JONSEN. 1998. Effect of habitat patch characteristics on abundance and diversity of insects in an agricultural landscape. Ecosystems 1:197-205.
FLEISHMAN, E; JR THOMPSON; R MAC NALLY; DD MURPHY & JP FAY. 2005. Using indicator species to predict species richness of multiple taxonomic groups. Conserv. Biol. 19:1125-1137.
IRMLER, U. 2003. The spatial and temporal pattern of carabid beetles on arable fields in northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein) and their value as ecological indicators. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 98:141-151.
KATI, V; P DEVILLERS; M DUFRÊNE; A LEGAKIS; D VOKOU ET AL. 2003. Testing the value of six taxonomic groups as biodiversity indicators at a local scale. Conserv. Biol. 18:667-675.
KAUTZ, G; M ZIMMER & W TOPP. 2002. Does Porcellio scaber (Isopoda: Oniscidea) gain from coprophagy? Soil Biol. Biochem. 34:1253-1259.
KEMP, JC & GW BARRETT. 1989. Spatial patterning: impact of uncultivated corridors on arthropod populations within soybean agroecosystems. Ecology 70:114-128.
LEE, JC; FD MENALLED & DA LANDIS. 2001. Refuge habitats modify impact of insecticide disturbance on carabid beetle communities. J. Appl. Ecol. 38:472-483.
LEMKE, A & HM POEHLING. 2002. Sown weed strips in cereal fields: overwintering site and “source” habitat for Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall) and Erigone atra Blackwall) (Araneae: Erigonidae). Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 90:67-80.
LILJESTHRÖM, G; E MINERVINO; D CASTRO & A GONZÁLEZ. 2002. La comunidad de arañas del cultivo de soja en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Neotropical Entomology 31:197-210.
LINDENMAYER, DB; CR MARGULES & DB BOTKIN. 2000. Indicators of biodiversity for ecologically sustainable forest management. Conserv. Biol. 14:941-950.
LÖVEI, GL & KD SUNDERLAND. 1996. Ecology and behavior of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Annu. Rev. Entomol. 41:231-256.
MAC NALLY, R & E FLEISHMAN. 2004. A successful predictive model of species richness based on indicator species. Conserv. Biol. 18:646-654.
MARASAS, ME; SJ SARANDÓN & AC CICCHINO. 2001. Changes in arthropod functional group in a wheat crop under conventional and no tillage systems in Argentina. Appl. Soil Ecol. 18:61-68.
MARC, P; A CANARD & F YSNEL. 1999. Spiders (Araneae) useful for pest limitation and bioindication. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 74:229-273.
MASSARO, RA; A MAI; G ROSSI & G PRIETO. 1992. Evolucion de poblaciones de insectos fitofagos en soja con sistemas de labranza minima y siembra directa en el sur de Santa Fe. Ciclo 1991/92. VIII Jornadas Fitosanitarias Argentinas, Paraná.
OERTLI, S; A MÜLLER; D STEINER; A BREITENSTEIN & S DORN. 2005. Cross-taxon congruence of species diversity and community similarity among three insect taxa in a mosaic landscape. Biol. Conserv. 126:195-205.
OLIVER, I & AJ BEATTIE. 1996. Designing a cost- effective invertebrate survey: a test of methods for rapid assessment of biodiversity. Ecol. Appl. 6:594-607.
PEARCE, JL & LA VENIER. 2006. The use of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and spiders (Araneae) as bioindicators of sustainable forest management: A review. Ecological Indicators 6:780-793.
PERNER, J; C WYTRYKUSH; A KAHMEN; N BUCHMANN; I EGERER ET AL. 2005. Effects of plant diversity, plant productivity and habitat parameters on arthropod abundance in montane European grasslands. Ecography 28:429-442.
PIMENTEL, D; C WILSON; C MCCULLUM; R HUANG; P DWEN ET AL. 1997. Economic and environmental benefits of biodiversity. Bioscience 47:747-757.
SALUSO, A. 2004. Determinación del Nivel de Daño Económico y plan de decisión secuencial para el manejo de Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille, 1804) (Crustacea: Isopoda) en soja. Tesis de Magister, Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, 75 pp.
SOKAL, RR & FJ ROHLF. 1995. Biometry. The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. Freeman & Company, New York, 887 pp.
SOUSA, JP; JV VINGADA; S LOUREIRO; MM DA GAMA & AMVM SOARES. 1998. Effects of introduced exotic tree species on growth, consumption and assimilation rates of the soil detritivore Porcellio dilatatus (Crustacea: Isopoda). Appl. Soil. Ecol. 9:399-403.
SWIFT, MJ; AMN IZAC & M VAN NOORDWIJK. 2004. Biodiversity and ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes - are we asking the right questions? Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 104:113-134.
THOMAS, CFG; JM HOLLAND & NJ BROWN. 2002. The spatial distribution of carabid beetles in agricultural landscapes. Pp 305-344 en: Holland, JM (ed.). The agroecology of carabid beetles. Intercept, Andover, U.K.
THOMAS, CFG & EJP MARSHALL. 1999. Arthropod abundance and diversity in differently vegetated margins of arable fields. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 72:131-144.
VARCHOLA, JM & JP DUNN. 1999. Changes in ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in farming systems bordered by complex or simple roadside vegetation. Agric. Ecoyst. Environ. 73:41-49.
ZACCAGNINI, ME & NC CALAMARI. 2001. Labranzas conservacionistas, siembra directa y biodiversidad. Pp. 29-68 en: Panigatti, JL; D Buschiazzo & H Marelli (eds.). Siembra Directa II. INTA, Buenos Aires.
ZACCAGNINI, ME; J DECARRE; A GOIJMAN; L SOLARI; R SUÁREZ ET AL. 2007. Efecto de la heterogeneidad ambiental de terrazas y bordes vegetados sobre la biodiversidad animal en campos de soja en Entre Ríos. Pp. 232 en: Caviglia, OP; OF Paparotti & MC Sasal (eds.). Agricultura Sustentable en Entre Ríos. Ediciones INTA. Buenos Aires.
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2008-12-01
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Weyland, F., & Zaccagnini, M. E. (2008). Efecto de las terrazas sobre la diversidad de artrópodos caminadores en cultivos de soja. Ecología Austral, 18(3), 357–366. Recuperado a partir de https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1382
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