Myth and reality of a global crisis for agricultural pollination

Marcelo A. Aizen; Lucas A. Garibaldi; Lawrence D. Harder

doi:10.25260/EA.22.32.2.1.1875

Autores/as

Marcelo A. Aizen Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET. San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina. Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin. Berlin, Germany
Lucas A. Garibaldi Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina
Lawrence D. Harder Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary. Calgary, Alberta, Canada

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.22.32.2.1.1875

Palabras clave:

agricultura, cereales, frutales, abejas melíferas, oleaginosas, crisis de polinización, declive de los polinizadores, dependencia de los polinizadores, raíces y tubérculos

Resumen

Los polinizadores están disminuyendo como consecuencia de la degradación generalizada del medio ambiente. Esta pérdida ha suscitado la preocupación de que una crisis global de polinización pueda estar amenazando nuestro suministro de alimentos vía una reducción en el rendimiento agrícola. Sin embargo, tres líneas de evidencia no apoyan tal expectativa. Primero, aunque la abundancia y la diversidad de los polinizadores silvestres están disminuyendo en todo el mundo, la población mundial de colmenas de abejas melíferas manejadas ha aumentado en un ~80% desde principios de la década de 1960. Segundo, la producción agrícola disminuiría sólo <10% en ausencia total de abejas ya que relativamente pocos cultivos dependen completamente de los polinizadores. Por último, a nivel global no parece existir una desaceleración del crecimiento en el rendimiento con el incremento en la dependencia de los polinizadores. Sin embargo, la expansión de cultivos dependientes de polinizadores puede tener un alto costo ambiental. Aunque los polinizadores son responsables de una fracción menor de la producción agrícola mundial, esta fracción ha aumentado en un ~600% desde 1961, superando el crecimiento de la población mundial de abejas melíferas manejadas. El incremento de esta fracción de la agricultura se explica en gran medida por la rápida expansión de monocultivos dependientes de polinizadores. A través de incrementar la pérdida de polinizadores silvestres, esta transformación en el uso de la tierra puede causar un incremento en los déficits de polinización y promover la expansión de cultivos dependientes de polinizadores en respuesta a demandas sostenidas del mercado. Por lo tanto, una espiral de retroalimentación positiva entre la expansión de la agricultura y un declive de los polinizadores que afecte al rendimiento de los cultivos podría acelerar la enorme pérdida de biodiversidad en curso al promover la destrucción de los hábitats naturales remanentes y la homogeneización de los paisajes agrícolas.

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