Descubriendo un tesoro ecológico escondido: Las costras biológicas del suelo en la Argentina
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.25.35.2.0.2487Palabras clave:
ambientes áridos, biocostras, taxonomía, restauración, biodiversidad, América del Sur, pastoreo, fuegoResumen
Las costras biológicas del suelo (biocostras) son comunidades diversas de microorganismos y macroorganismos que se desarrollan en la capa más superficial del suelo en los ecosistemas áridos, contribuyendo a su estabilidad, fertilidad, ciclo de nutrientes y dinámica hídrica. Aunque en las últimas dos décadas ha aumentado el número de estudios sobre la ecología y biología de las biocostras en la Argentina, estos trabajos siguen siendo escasos en comparación con otras regiones del mundo. A pesar de que los ecosistemas áridos cubren aproximadamente un 75% del territorio argentino y presentan una destacada diversidad bioclimática y fitogeográfica, las biocostras siguen siendo un actor ecológico poco estudiado. Por ello, consideramos valioso revisar el conocimiento actual sobre las biocostras en el país, para poder identificar vacíos de información y establecer líneas prioritarias futuras de investigación. En este trabajo sintetizamos el conocimiento disponible sobre las biocostras en Argentina, centrándonos en su composición taxonómica, sus interacciones biológicas, sus patrones de distribución, sus respuestas a factores de estrés naturales y antrópicos, su rol en la multifuncionalidad de los ecosistemas y las técnicas de restauración basadas en biocostras. Hemos identificado varios aspectos clave que deberían ser priorizados en futuros estudios, como el avance en la clasificación taxonómica mediante herramientas moleculares para comprender mejor las interacciones biológicas y mejorar el uso de biocostras en la restauración de suelos degradados. También es necesario ampliar el conocimiento sobre las respuestas de las biocostras a factores ambientales a distintas escalas espaciales y temporales, para poder modelar escenarios futuros de cambio global. Aunque los esfuerzos de restauración basados en biocostras muestran resultados prometedores, la mayoría se desarrollan en condiciones controladas, y han de ser validados en campo. Consideramos que la diversidad de los ecosistemas áridos argentinos representa un laboratorio natural ideal para estudiar las biocostras y probar hipótesis sobre su biología y ecología.
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