Metabolismo secundario de plantas leñosas de zonas áridas: mecanismos de producción, funciones y posibilidades de aprovechamiento
Palabras clave:
terpenos, fenoles, gomas, caucho, cerasResumen
Este trabajo revisa la información disponible sobre el metabolismo secundario de plantas de zonas áridas. Se describen los grupos principales de metabolitos secundarios, su composición química, las familias y especies que los producen y sus usos. Se detalla la función de los metabolitos secundarios como mecanismo de defensa, de atracción de polinizadores, de inhibidores de crecimiento, de protección contra la radiación ultravioleta y en la economía del agua, en los niveles de planta y de comunidad. Se discuten las distintas teorías que explican el origen del metabolismo carbonado, entre ellas la Hipótesis de Balance de Crecimiento y Diferenciación y la Hipótesis del Balance Carbono-Nutrientes. En este trabajo también se presentan la producción y la persistencia de los metabolitos secundarios en el ecosistema, así como los principales mecanismos de llegada e incorporación al suelo y de descomposición. Por último, se describen los usos industriales, actuales o potenciales, de los metabolitos secundarios, con énfasis en aquellas sustancias producidas por plantas nativas de zonas áridas y comercializadas por Argentina.
Citas
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DAN-JU, Z; J ZHANG; Y WAN-QIN & W FU-ZHONG. 2010. Potential allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus grandis across a range of plantation ages. Ecol. Res. 25:13-23.
DELFINE, S; F LORETO; P PINELLI; R TOGNETTI & A ALVINO. 2005. Isoprenoids content and photosynthetic limitations in rosemary and spearmint plants under water stress. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 106:243-252.
DOBSON, HEM & G BERGSTROM. 2000. The ecology and the evolution of pollen odours. Plant Syst. Evol. 222:63-87.
DOBSON, HEM. 1994. Floral volatiles in insect biology. Pp. 47-81 en: Bernays, EA (ed.). Insect-plant interactions. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
DORNING, M & D CIPOLLINI. 2006. Leaf and root exudates of invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii, inhibit seed germination of three herbs with no autotoxic effects. Plant Ecol. 184:287-296.
EHLERINGER, JR & CS COOK. 1990. Characteristics of Encelia species differing in leaf reflectance and transpiration rate under common garden conditions. Oecologia 82:484-489.
ELECHOSA, MA & MA JUÁREZ. 2003. Las Plantas Aromáticas y sus Aceites Esenciales. IDIA XXI 5:60-68
ESCUDERO, A; MJ ALBERT; JM PITTA & F PÉREZ-GARCÍA. 2000. Inhibitory effects of Artemesia herba-alba on the germination of the gypsophyte Helianthemum squamatum. Plant Ecol. 148:71-80.
ESPINOSA-GARCÍA, FJ; E MARTÍNEZ-HERNÁNDEZ & A QUIROZ-FLORES. 2008. Allelopathic potential of Eucalyptus spp plantations on germination and early growth of annual crops. Allelopathy J. 21:25-38.
FACCHINI, PJ. 1999. Plant secondary metabolism: out of the evolutionary abyss. Trends Plant Sci. 4:382-384.
FABORODE, MO & JF FAVIER. 1996. Identification and significance of the oil-point in seed-oil expression. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 65:335-345.
FALASCA, SL; N FLORES; MC LAMAS; SM CARBALLO & A ANSCHAU. 2010. Crambe abyssinica: An almost unknown crop with a promissory future to produce biodiesel in Argentina. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35:5808-5812.
FERNÁNDEZ, C; B LLELONG; B VILA; JP MEVY; C ROBLES; ET AL. 2006. Potential allelopathic effect of Pinus halepensis in the secondary succession, an experimental approach. Chemoecology 16:97-105.
FERNÁNDEZ, C; Y MONNIER; E ORMEÑO; V BALDE; S GREFF; ET AL. 2009. Variations in Allelochemical Composition of Leachates of Different Organs and Maturity Stages of Pinus halepensis. J Chem Ecol. 35:970-979.
FALLER, ALK & E FIALHO. 2010. Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in organic and convencional plant foods. J. Food Compos. Anal. 23:561-568.
GERBERG, EJ & RJ NOVAK. 2007. Considerations on the use of botanically-derived repellent products. En: Debboun, M; S Frances & D Strickman (eds.). Insect Repellents: Principles, Methods and Uses. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
GOTTLIEB, OR. 1990. Phytochemicals: differentiation and function. Phytochemistry 29:1715-1724.
GUIMARÃES, R; MJ SOUSA & ICFR FERREIRA. 2010. Contribution of essential oils and phenolics to the antioxidant properties of aromatic plants. Ind. Crops Prod. 32:152-156.
HASSIOTIS, CN. 2010. Chemical compounds and essential oil release through decomposition process from Lavandula stoechas in Mediterranean region. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 38:493-501.
HARBONE, JB. 1999. Classes and functions of secondary products. Pp. 1-25 en: Walton, NJ & DE Brown (eds.). Chemicals from Plants, Perspectives on Secondary Plant Products. Imperial College Press. UK.
HARTMANN, T. 1991. Alkaloids. En: Rosenthal, GA & MR Berenbaum (eds.). Herbivores. 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego. EE.UU.
HARTMANN, T. 2007. From waste products to ecochemicals: Fifty years research of plant secondary metabolism. Phytochemistry 68:2831-2846.
HATTENSCHWILER, S & PM VITOUSEK. 2000. The role of polyphenols in terrestrial ecosystem nutrient cycling. Tree 15:238-243.
HERMS, DA & WJ MATTSON. 1992. The dilemma of plants: to grow or defend. Q. Rev. Biol. 67:283-335.
HOLLOWAY, PJ & CE JEFFREE. 2004. Secondary Products. Epicuticular Waxes. Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences 1190-1204.
HOFFMANN, JJ. 1985. Resinous plants as an economic alternative to bioenergy plantations. Energy 10: 1139-1143.
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2011-12-01
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Vilela, A. E., González-Paleo, L., & Ravetta, D. A. (2011). Metabolismo secundario de plantas leñosas de zonas áridas: mecanismos de producción, funciones y posibilidades de aprovechamiento. Ecología Austral, 21(3), 317–327. Recuperado a partir de https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1275
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