Economía del agua de especies arbustivas de las Estepas Patagónicas
Palabras clave:
Contenido de agua del suelo, densidad de madera, Distrito Occidental de la Patagonia, eficiencia hidráulica, potencial hídrico del suelo y foliar, profundidad de sistemas radicalesResumen
La vegetación de la estepa patagónica está expuesta a una baja disponibilidad de agua y nutrientes, a bajas temperaturas, y elevadas velocidades y frecuencia de vientos. Estos factores físicos determinan la estructura y el funcionamiento del ecosistema y las características morfo-fisiológicas de sus especies. En esta revisión se presenta información ya publicada y nuevos resultados del efecto de la dinámica espacio-temporal del agua del suelo, sobre el estado hídrico, y características de la arquitectura hidráulica de 10 especies arbustivas dominantes que abarcan un rango de profundidades de enraizamiento desde los 50 cm hasta más de 200 cm. La dinámica del agua del suelo indica la existencia de un aumento de la disponibilidad de agua con la profundidad y un aumento durante el invierno. Las especies leñosas cuyas raíces acceden a fuentes de agua más estables, como Schinus johnstonii Barkley y Berberis heterophylla Jussieu Lam, tienen potenciales hídricos foliares mínimos menos negativos, pero sus sistemas de transporte de agua son menos eficientes (menor conductividad hidráulica específica) que las especies con sistemas radicales más superficiales, como Senecio filaginoides De Candolle y Mulinum spinosum (Cav.) Pers. Las características hidráulicas de las especies con raíces profundas y el acceso a horizontes más húmedos del suelo podrían limitar la velocidad de respuesta de estas especies a los pulsos de lluvia que ocurren durante el verano. A pesar de que la eficiencia de uso de agua tanto intrínseca como integrada en el tiempo y la tasas de fotosíntesis por unidad de biomasa tienden a ser mayores en las especies con raíces profundas y con mayor disponibilidad de agua, su menor capacidad de almacenamiento de agua, mayor densidad de madera y los elevados gradientes de potencial hídrico entre el suelo y las hojas sugieren que estas especies tendrían tasas de crecimiento bajas pero mantenidas por un período mayor a lo largo del año. Se presentan algunas preguntas para estudios adicionales, como por ejemplo por qué las plantas con sistemas radicales profundos no hacen un mayor uso del agua disponible en profundidad.
Citas
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DAWSON, TE. 1993. Hydraulic lift and water use by plants: implications for water balance, performance and plant-plant interactions. Oecologia, 95:565–574.
DONOVAN, LA; DJ GRISÉ; JB WEST; RA PAPPORT; NN ALDER; JH RICHARDS. 1999. Predawn disequilibrium between plant and soil water potentials in two cold-desert shrubs. Oecologia, 120:209–217.
DONOVAN, LA; MJ LINTON; JH RICHARDS. 2001. Predawn plant water potential does not necessarily equilibrate with soil water potential under well-watered conditions. Oecologia, 129:328–335.
DONOVAN, LA; JH RICHARDS; MJ LINTON. 2003. Magnitude and mechanisms of disequilibrium between predawn plant and soil water potentials. Ecology, 84:463–470.
DURANTE, M; PH MASEDA; RJ FERNÁNDEZ. 2011. Xylem efficiency vs. safety: Acclimation to drought of seedling root anatomy for six Patagonian shrub species. J. Arid Environ., doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.12.001
FERNANDEZ, RJ & JM PARUELO. 1988. Root systems of two Patagonian shrubs a quantitative description using a geometrical method. J. Range Manage., 41: 220–223.
FERNANDEZ, RJ; OE SALA; RA GOLLUSCIO. 1991.Woody and herbaceous aboveground production of a Patagonian steppe. J. Range Manage., 44:434–437.
FERNÁNDEZ, RJ; AH NUÑEZ; A SORIANO. 1992. Contrasting demography of two Patagonian shrubs under different conditions fo sheep grazing and resource supply. Oecologia, 91:39-46.
FERNANDEZ, RJ & JM PARUELO. 1992. Root systems of two Patagonian shrubs: a quantitative description using a geometrical method. J. Range Manage., 41:220-223.
FERNANDEZ, RJ. 2007. On the frequent lack of response of plants to rainfall events in arid areas. J. Arid Environ., 68:688–691.
FRANK, PJ; PL DRAKE; RH FROEND. 2007. Anisohydric but isohydrodynamic: seasonally constant plant water potential gradient explained by a stomatal control mechanism incorporating variable plant hydraulic conductance. Plant Cell Environ., 30:19-30.
FRAVOLINI, A; KR HULTINE; E BRUGNOLI; R GAZAL; NB ENGLISH; DG WILLIAMS. 2005. Precipitation pulse use by an invasive woody legume: the role of soil texture and pulse size. Oecologia, 144:618-627.
GOLDSTEIN, G; JL ANDRADE; FC MEINZER; NM HOLBROOK; J CAVELIER; P JACKSON; A CELIS. 1998. Stem water storage and diurnal patterns of water use in tropical forest canopy trees. Plant Cell, Environ., 21:397–406.
GOLLUSCIO, RA; RJC LEON; SB PERELMAN. 1982. Caracterización fitosociologica de la estepa del oeste del Chubut. Su relación con el gradiente ambiental. Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot., 21:299–324.
GOLLUSCIO, RA & OE SALA. 1993. Plant functional types and ecological strategies in Patagonian forbs. J. Veg. Sc., 4:839–846.
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2011-04-01
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Bucci, S. J., Scholz, F. G., Iogna, P. A., & Goldstein, G. (2011). Economía del agua de especies arbustivas de las Estepas Patagónicas. Ecología Austral, 21(1), 043–060. Recuperado a partir de https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1295
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Derechos de autor 2011 Sandra J. Bucci, Fabián G. Scholz, Patricia A. Iogna, Guillermo Goldstein
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