Relación entre la riqueza de especies vegetales y la productividad en pastizales naturales
Palabras clave:
funcionamiento ecosistémico, tipos funcionales de plantas, índice de vegetación normalizado, biomasa acumulada, UruguayResumen
En las últimas dos décadas se generó un debate acerca de la relación entre la diversidad y el funcionamiento ecosistémico. Los pastizales y sus herbívoros proveen uno de los casos de estudio más ampliamente utilizados para analizar esta relación. En los pastizales del Río de la Plata existen evidencias de relaciones positivas y negativas entre la riqueza de especies y la Productividad Primaria Neta Aérea (PPNA). El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar dicha relación en pastizales naturales pastoreados de la región Centro-Sur de Uruguay. Se utilizaron dos estimadores de la PPNA, el Índice de Vegetación Normalizado (IVN) y la biomasa acumulada. En un ambiente heterogéneo en cuanto a fertilidad del suelo se evaluó la riqueza de especies, el IVN y la biomasa acumulada. El IVN y la biomasa acumulada se relacionaron positivamente con la riqueza. Las gramíneas erectas y las hierbas mostraron los valores más altos para riqueza de especies. Por su parte, las gramíneas postradas con únicamente 4 especies (8% del total) aportaron cerca del 35% de la biomasa total y explicaron gran parte de la productividad de estos pastizales. Este trabajo brinda evidencias a favor de una relación positiva y lineal entre riqueza y productividad primaria.
Citas
ALTESOR, A; E DI LEANDRO; H MAY & E ESCURRA. 1998. Long-term species change in a Uruguayan grassland. J. Veg. Sci. 9:173-180.
ALTESOR, A; M OESTERHELD; E LEONI; F LEZAMA & C RODRÍGUEZ. 2005. Effect of grazing on community structure and productivity of a Uruguayan grassland. Plant Ecol. 179:83-91.
ALTESOR, A; F PEZZANI; S GRUN & C RODRIGUEZ. 1999. Relationships between spatial strategies and morphological attributes in a Uruguayan grassland: a functional approach. J. Veg. Sci. 10: 457-462.
ALTESOR, A; G PIÑEIRO; F LEZAMA; RB JACKSON; M SARASOLA; ET AL. 2006. Ecosystem changes associated with grazing removal in sub-humid grasslands of South America. J. Veg. Sci. 17:323-332.
BAEZA, S; F LEZAMA; G PIÑEIRO; A ALTESOR & JM PARUELO. 2010. Spatial variability of above-ground net primary production in Uruguayan grasslands: a remote sensing approach. Appl. Veg. Sci. 13:72-85.
CARDINALE, B; J WRIGHT; M CADOTTE; I CARROLL; A HECTOR; ET AL. 2007. Impacts of plant diversity on biomass production increase through time because of species complementarity. PNAS 104:18123-18128.
CHANETON, EJ & JM FACELLI. 1991. Disturbance effects on plant community diversity: spatial scales and dominance hierarchies. Vegetatio 93:143-155.
CHANETON E; S PERELMAN; M OMACINI & RJ LEÓN. 2002. Grazing, environmental heterogeneity, and alien plant invasions in temperate Pampa grasslands. Biological Invasions 4:7-24.
DI BELLA, CM; JM PARUELO; JE BECERRA; C BACOUR & F BARET. 2004. Effect of senescent leaves on NDVI-based estimates of fAPAR: experimental and modelling evidences. International Journal of Remote Sensing 24:5415-5427.
DIRECCIÓN NACIONAL DE METEOROLOGÍA. www.meteorologia.com.uy/estad_colonia.htm.
EHRLICH, PR & AH EHRLICH. 1981. Extincion. The causes and consequences of the disappearance of species. Random House, New York. EE.UU.
FACELLI, JM. 1988. Response to grazing after nine years of cattle exclusion in a Flooding Pampa grassland, Argentina. Vegetatio 78:21-25.
HECTOR, A; B SCHMID; C BEIERKUHNLEIN; MC CALDEIRA; M DIEMER; ET AL. 1999. Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 286:1123-1127.
JIANG, L; S WAN & L LI. 2009. Species diversity and productivity: why do results of diversity-manipulation experiments differ from natural patterns? J. Ecol. 97:603-608.
LAVOREL, S; S MCINTYRE; J LANDSBERG & TD FORBES. 1997. Plant functional classifications: from general groups to specific groups based on response to disturbance. TREE 12:474-478.
LAWTON, JH & VK BROWN. 1994. Redundancy in ecosystems. Pp. 255-270 en: Schulze, ED & and HA Mooney (eds.). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. EE.UU.
LEZAMA, F. 2005. Las comunidades herbáceas de un área de pastizales naturales de la región Basáltica, Uruguay. Tesis de Maestría, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
LOREAU, M; S NAEEM; P INCHAUSTI; J BENGTSSON; JP GRIME; ET AL. 2001. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science 294:804-808.
MATTEUCCI, S & A COLMA. 1982. Metodología para el estudio de la vegetación. Secretaría de la OEA. Washington, D.C. EE.UU.
MCNAUGHTON, SJ. 1994. Biodiversity and function of grazing ecosystem. Pp. 361-383 en: Schulze, ED & HA Mooney (eds.). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Springer. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. EE.UU.
MCNAUGHTON, SJ; M OESTERHELD; DA FRANK & KJ WILLIAMS. 1989. Ecosystem-level patterns of primary productivity and herbivory in terrestrial habitats. Nature 341:142-144.
MONTEITH, JL. 1981. Climatic variation and the growth of crops. Quaterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 107:749-774.
NAEEM, S; LJ THOMPSON; SP LAWLER; JH LAWTON & RM WOODFIN. 1995. Empirical evidence that declining species diversity may alter the performance of terrestrial ecosystems. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 347:249-262.
PARUELO, JM; G PIÑEIRO; G BALDI; S BAEZA; F LEZAMA; ET AL. 2010. Carbon Stocks and Fluxes in Rangelands of the Río de la Plata Basin. Rangeland Ecology & Management 63:94-108.
PERELMAN, S; E CHANETON; W BATISTA; S BURKART & RJ LEÓN. 2007. Habitat stress, species pool size and biotic resisteance influence exotic plant richness in the Flooding Pampa grasslands. J. Ecol. 95: 662-673.
PIÑEIRO, G; J PARUELO; E JOBBÁGY; R JACKSON & M OESTERHELD. 2009. Grazing effects on belowground C and N stocks along a network of cattle exclosures in temperate and subtropical grasslands of South America. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23:1-14.
RODRÍGUEZ, C; E LEONI; F LEZAMA & A ALTESOR. 2003. Temporal trends in species composition and plant traits in natural grasslands of Uruguay. J. Veg. Sci. 14:433-440.
ROUSE JR, JW; RH HAAS; JA SCHELL & DW DEERING. 1973. Monitoring vegetation systems in the great plains with ERTS. Pp. 309-317 en: Proceedings of the 3rd ERTS Symposium, NASA SP-351. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. EE.UU.
VAN RUIJVEN, J & F BERENDSE. 2009. Long-term persistence of a positive plant diversity-productivity relationship in the absence of legume. Oikos 118:101-106.
RUSCH, GM & M OESTERHELD. 1997. Relationship between productivity, and species and functional group diversity in grazed and non-grazed Pampas grassland. Oikos 78:519-526.
SALA, OE; WK LAUENROTH; SJ MCNAUGHTON; G RUSCH & X ZHANG. 1996. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in grasslands. Pp 129-149 en: Mooney, HA; JH Cushman; E Medina, OE Sala & ED Schulze (eds.). Functional roles of biodiversity: a global perspective. Wiley, Chichester, New York. EE.UU.
SALA, OE; M OESTERHELD; RJ LEÓN & A SORIANO. 1986. Grazing effects upon plant community structure in subhumid grasslands of Argentina. Vegetatio 67:27-32.
SCHMID, B. 2002. The species richness-productivity controversy. TREE 17:113-114.
SORIANO, A. 1991. Rió de la Plata grasslands. Pp. 367-407 en: Coupland, RT (ed.). Natural Grasslands. Introduction and Western Hemisphere. Elseiver, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
SYMSTAD, AJ; D TILMAN; J WILLSON & JM KNOPS. 1998. Species loss and ecosystem functioning: effects of species identity and community composition. Oikos 81:389-397.
TEXEIRA, M & A ALTESOR. 2009. Small-scale spatial dynamics of vegetation in a grazed Uruguayan grassland. Austral Ecology 34:386-394.
THOMPSON, K; A ASKEW; J GRIME; N DUNNETT & A WILLIS. 2005. Biodiversity, ecosystem function and plant traits in mature and immature plant communities. Func. Ecol. 19:355-358.
TILMAN, D. 1999. The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: a search for general principles. Ecology 80:1455-1474.
TILMAN, D; D WEDIN & J KNOPS. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379:718-720.
TROUMBIS, AY & D MEMTSAS. 2000. Observational evidence that diversity may increase productivity in Mediterranean shrublands. Oecologia 125:101-108.
VITOUSEK, PM & DU HOOPER. 1994. Biological diversity and terrestial ecosystem biogeochemistry. Pp. 3-14 en: Schulze, ED & HA Mooney (eds.). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Germany.
WILSEY, BJ & HW POLLEY. 2004. Realistically low species evenness does not alter grassland species-richness-productivity relationships. Ecology 85:2693-2700.
ZAR, JH. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. 3ra ed, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. EE.UU.
ZHOU, Z; OJ SUN; J HUANG; Y GAO & X HAN. 2006. Land use affects the relationship between species diversity and productivity at the local scale in a semi-arid steppe ecosystem. Func. Ecol. 20:753- 762.
ALTESOR, A; M OESTERHELD; E LEONI; F LEZAMA & C RODRÍGUEZ. 2005. Effect of grazing on community structure and productivity of a Uruguayan grassland. Plant Ecol. 179:83-91.
ALTESOR, A; F PEZZANI; S GRUN & C RODRIGUEZ. 1999. Relationships between spatial strategies and morphological attributes in a Uruguayan grassland: a functional approach. J. Veg. Sci. 10: 457-462.
ALTESOR, A; G PIÑEIRO; F LEZAMA; RB JACKSON; M SARASOLA; ET AL. 2006. Ecosystem changes associated with grazing removal in sub-humid grasslands of South America. J. Veg. Sci. 17:323-332.
BAEZA, S; F LEZAMA; G PIÑEIRO; A ALTESOR & JM PARUELO. 2010. Spatial variability of above-ground net primary production in Uruguayan grasslands: a remote sensing approach. Appl. Veg. Sci. 13:72-85.
CARDINALE, B; J WRIGHT; M CADOTTE; I CARROLL; A HECTOR; ET AL. 2007. Impacts of plant diversity on biomass production increase through time because of species complementarity. PNAS 104:18123-18128.
CHANETON, EJ & JM FACELLI. 1991. Disturbance effects on plant community diversity: spatial scales and dominance hierarchies. Vegetatio 93:143-155.
CHANETON E; S PERELMAN; M OMACINI & RJ LEÓN. 2002. Grazing, environmental heterogeneity, and alien plant invasions in temperate Pampa grasslands. Biological Invasions 4:7-24.
DI BELLA, CM; JM PARUELO; JE BECERRA; C BACOUR & F BARET. 2004. Effect of senescent leaves on NDVI-based estimates of fAPAR: experimental and modelling evidences. International Journal of Remote Sensing 24:5415-5427.
DIRECCIÓN NACIONAL DE METEOROLOGÍA. www.meteorologia.com.uy/estad_colonia.htm.
EHRLICH, PR & AH EHRLICH. 1981. Extincion. The causes and consequences of the disappearance of species. Random House, New York. EE.UU.
FACELLI, JM. 1988. Response to grazing after nine years of cattle exclusion in a Flooding Pampa grassland, Argentina. Vegetatio 78:21-25.
HECTOR, A; B SCHMID; C BEIERKUHNLEIN; MC CALDEIRA; M DIEMER; ET AL. 1999. Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 286:1123-1127.
JIANG, L; S WAN & L LI. 2009. Species diversity and productivity: why do results of diversity-manipulation experiments differ from natural patterns? J. Ecol. 97:603-608.
LAVOREL, S; S MCINTYRE; J LANDSBERG & TD FORBES. 1997. Plant functional classifications: from general groups to specific groups based on response to disturbance. TREE 12:474-478.
LAWTON, JH & VK BROWN. 1994. Redundancy in ecosystems. Pp. 255-270 en: Schulze, ED & and HA Mooney (eds.). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. EE.UU.
LEZAMA, F. 2005. Las comunidades herbáceas de un área de pastizales naturales de la región Basáltica, Uruguay. Tesis de Maestría, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
LOREAU, M; S NAEEM; P INCHAUSTI; J BENGTSSON; JP GRIME; ET AL. 2001. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science 294:804-808.
MATTEUCCI, S & A COLMA. 1982. Metodología para el estudio de la vegetación. Secretaría de la OEA. Washington, D.C. EE.UU.
MCNAUGHTON, SJ. 1994. Biodiversity and function of grazing ecosystem. Pp. 361-383 en: Schulze, ED & HA Mooney (eds.). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Springer. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. EE.UU.
MCNAUGHTON, SJ; M OESTERHELD; DA FRANK & KJ WILLIAMS. 1989. Ecosystem-level patterns of primary productivity and herbivory in terrestrial habitats. Nature 341:142-144.
MONTEITH, JL. 1981. Climatic variation and the growth of crops. Quaterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 107:749-774.
NAEEM, S; LJ THOMPSON; SP LAWLER; JH LAWTON & RM WOODFIN. 1995. Empirical evidence that declining species diversity may alter the performance of terrestrial ecosystems. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 347:249-262.
PARUELO, JM; G PIÑEIRO; G BALDI; S BAEZA; F LEZAMA; ET AL. 2010. Carbon Stocks and Fluxes in Rangelands of the Río de la Plata Basin. Rangeland Ecology & Management 63:94-108.
PERELMAN, S; E CHANETON; W BATISTA; S BURKART & RJ LEÓN. 2007. Habitat stress, species pool size and biotic resisteance influence exotic plant richness in the Flooding Pampa grasslands. J. Ecol. 95: 662-673.
PIÑEIRO, G; J PARUELO; E JOBBÁGY; R JACKSON & M OESTERHELD. 2009. Grazing effects on belowground C and N stocks along a network of cattle exclosures in temperate and subtropical grasslands of South America. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23:1-14.
RODRÍGUEZ, C; E LEONI; F LEZAMA & A ALTESOR. 2003. Temporal trends in species composition and plant traits in natural grasslands of Uruguay. J. Veg. Sci. 14:433-440.
ROUSE JR, JW; RH HAAS; JA SCHELL & DW DEERING. 1973. Monitoring vegetation systems in the great plains with ERTS. Pp. 309-317 en: Proceedings of the 3rd ERTS Symposium, NASA SP-351. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. EE.UU.
VAN RUIJVEN, J & F BERENDSE. 2009. Long-term persistence of a positive plant diversity-productivity relationship in the absence of legume. Oikos 118:101-106.
RUSCH, GM & M OESTERHELD. 1997. Relationship between productivity, and species and functional group diversity in grazed and non-grazed Pampas grassland. Oikos 78:519-526.
SALA, OE; WK LAUENROTH; SJ MCNAUGHTON; G RUSCH & X ZHANG. 1996. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in grasslands. Pp 129-149 en: Mooney, HA; JH Cushman; E Medina, OE Sala & ED Schulze (eds.). Functional roles of biodiversity: a global perspective. Wiley, Chichester, New York. EE.UU.
SALA, OE; M OESTERHELD; RJ LEÓN & A SORIANO. 1986. Grazing effects upon plant community structure in subhumid grasslands of Argentina. Vegetatio 67:27-32.
SCHMID, B. 2002. The species richness-productivity controversy. TREE 17:113-114.
SORIANO, A. 1991. Rió de la Plata grasslands. Pp. 367-407 en: Coupland, RT (ed.). Natural Grasslands. Introduction and Western Hemisphere. Elseiver, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
SYMSTAD, AJ; D TILMAN; J WILLSON & JM KNOPS. 1998. Species loss and ecosystem functioning: effects of species identity and community composition. Oikos 81:389-397.
TEXEIRA, M & A ALTESOR. 2009. Small-scale spatial dynamics of vegetation in a grazed Uruguayan grassland. Austral Ecology 34:386-394.
THOMPSON, K; A ASKEW; J GRIME; N DUNNETT & A WILLIS. 2005. Biodiversity, ecosystem function and plant traits in mature and immature plant communities. Func. Ecol. 19:355-358.
TILMAN, D. 1999. The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: a search for general principles. Ecology 80:1455-1474.
TILMAN, D; D WEDIN & J KNOPS. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379:718-720.
TROUMBIS, AY & D MEMTSAS. 2000. Observational evidence that diversity may increase productivity in Mediterranean shrublands. Oecologia 125:101-108.
VITOUSEK, PM & DU HOOPER. 1994. Biological diversity and terrestial ecosystem biogeochemistry. Pp. 3-14 en: Schulze, ED & HA Mooney (eds.). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Germany.
WILSEY, BJ & HW POLLEY. 2004. Realistically low species evenness does not alter grassland species-richness-productivity relationships. Ecology 85:2693-2700.
ZAR, JH. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. 3ra ed, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. EE.UU.
ZHOU, Z; OJ SUN; J HUANG; Y GAO & X HAN. 2006. Land use affects the relationship between species diversity and productivity at the local scale in a semi-arid steppe ecosystem. Func. Ecol. 20:753- 762.
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2011-04-01
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López Mársico, L., & Altesor, A. (2011). Relación entre la riqueza de especies vegetales y la productividad en pastizales naturales. Ecología Austral, 21(1), 101–109. Recuperado a partir de https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1299
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