Efecto del ganado sobre los niveles de polinización en especies vegetales del monte patagónico
Palabras clave:
carga ganadera, efectos indirectos, interacción planta-polinizador, tubos polínicosResumen
El ganado puede afectar indirectamente los niveles de polinización de las plantas a través de modificaciones en el ensamble de plantas y/o sus polinizadores. Estudié el efecto del ganado sobre los niveles de polinización, estimado como número de tubos polínicos/estilo, en cinco de las especies más frecuentes del monte patagónico (Atriplex lampa, Gutierrezia solbrigii, Larrea cuneifolia, L. divaricata, Monttea aphylla). En siete potreros de similares características pero con diferentes cargas ganaderas, conté el número de tubos polínicos por estilo de flores de cada una de las especies seleccionadas, durante cuatro años consecutivos. En general, las variaciones entre años afectaron más los niveles de polinización que los cambios en la carga animal. Sólo dos de las cinco especies estudiadas presentaron cambios en sus niveles de polinización asociados a variaciones en la carga ganadera. Asimismo, el ganado no afectó de forma directa la frecuencia de visita pero afectó la cobertura de dos de las especies estudiadas. Los cambios en la cobertura (generados o no por el ganado) afectaron de forma directa e indirecta (e.g., a través de modificaciones en la frecuencia de visita) los niveles de polinización. Los resultados, tanto de los análisis de vías como de las regresiones, fueron consistentes en cuanto a las especies que fueron más afectadas por el ganado (e.g., Gutierrezia solbrigii y Monttea aphylla). Sería necesario complementar la información de la cantidad de tubos polínicos con información sobre la calidad del polen y los recursos nutritivos de las plantas para comprender mejor los efectos indirectos del ganado sobre los niveles de polinización.
Citas
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AIZEN, MA & P FEINSINGER. 1994b. Forest fragmentation, pollination, and plant reproduction in a Chaco dry forest, Argentine. Ecology 75:330-351.
AIZEN, MA & P FEINSINGER. 2003. Bees not to be? Responses of insect pollinator faunas and flower pollination to habitat fragmentation. Pages 111-129 en G Bradshaw, P Marquet, y H Moonet, editores. How Landscapes Change: Human Disturbance and Ecosystems Disruptions in the Americas. Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
AIZEN, MA & DP VÁZQUEZ. 2006. Flower performance in human-altered habitats.en LD Harder, & SCH Barrett, editores. Ecology and Evolution of flowers. Oxford University Press.
BARRETT, SCH & LD HARDER. 1996. Ecology of sexual systems of plant mating. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:73-79.
BOND, WJ. 1994. Do mutualisms matter? Assessing the impact of pollinator and disperser disruption on plant extintion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences 344:83-90.
BOYER, JS. 1988. Cell enlargement and growth- induced water potentials. Physiologia Plantarum 73:311-316.
CABRERA, A. 1953. Esquema fitogeográfico de la República Argentina. Revista del Museo de La Plata, Botánica 8:87-168.
CINGOLANI, AM; I NOY-MEIR & S DÍAZ. 2005. Grazing effects on rangeland diversity: a synthesis of contemporary models. Ecological Applications 15:757-773.
DAFNI, A. 1992. Pollination Ecology. Oxford University Press Inc., New York.
DEL VALLE, HF. 1998. Patagonian soils: a regional synthesis. Ecologia Austral 8:103-123.
DIGGLE, PK. 1992. Development and evolution of plant reproductive characters. Pag. 397 en R Wyatt, editor. Ecology and evolution of plant reproduction. Chapman & Hall, New York.
HARDER, LD. 1988. Choice of individual flowers by bumble bees: interaction of morphology, time and energy. Behaviour 104:60-77.
HARDER, LD & SCH BARRETT. 1996. Pollen dispersal and mating patterns in animal-pollinated plants. Pag. 409 en DG Lloyd, & SCH Barrett, editores. Floral Biology. Studies on floral evolution in animal- pollinated plants. Chapman & Hall, New York.
HERRERA, CM. 1987. Composes of pollinator “quality”: comparative analysis of a diverse insect assemblage. Oikos 50:79-90.
HERRERA, CM. 1989. Pollinator abundance, morphology, and flower visitation rate: analysis of the “quantity” component in a plant-pollinator system. Oecologia 80:241-248.
HERRERA, CM. 2000. Flower-to-seedling consequences of different pollination regimes in an insect-pollinated shrub. Ecology 81:15-29.
HURLBERT, SH. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs 54:187-211.
JORDANO, P; J BASCOMPTE & JM OLESEN. 2003. Invariant properties in coevolutionary networks of plant-animal interactions. Ecology Letters 6:69-81.
KANDORI, I. 2002. Diverse visitors with various pollinator importance and temporal change in the important pollinators of Geranium thunbergii (Geraniaceae). Ecological Research 17:283-294.
KEARNS, CA & DW INOUYE. 1993. Techniques for pollination biologists. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado.
KEARNS, CA & DW INOUYE. 1997. Pollinators, flowering plants, and conservation biology. Bioscience 47:297-306.
KLEIN, AM; I STEFFAN-DEWENTER & T TSCHARNTKE. 2003. Fruit set of highland coffee increases with the diversity of pollinating bees. Proceedings of the Royal Society 270:955-961.
KLINKHAMER, P & TJ JONG. 1990. Effects of plant density and sex differential reward on pollination visitation in the protandrous Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae). Oikos 57:399-405.
KWAK, M. 1987. Pollination and pollen flow disturbed by honeybees in bumblebee-pollinated Rhinanthus population? Pages 273-283 en J Van Andel, editor. Disturbance in grasslands. Dr. W. Junk, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
LEGENDRE, P & L LEGENDRE. 1998. Numerical Ecology. Elsevier.
LEÓN, RJC; D BRAN; M COLLANTES; JM PARUELO & A SORIANO. 1998. Grandes unidades de vegetación de la Patagonia extra andina. Ecologia Austral 8:125-144.
LOVEJOY, T; ROJ BIERREGAARD; AB RYLANDS; CE QUINTELA; LH HARPER; KSJ BROWN; AH POWELL & GVN POWELL. 1986. Edge and other effects of isolation on Amazon forest fragments. Pag. 257-285 en ME Soulé, editor. Conservation biology: the science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
MASCHINSKI, J & TG WHITHAM. 1989. The continuum of plant responses to herbivory: The influence of plant association, nutrient availability, and timing. American Naturalist 134:1-19.
MCNAUGHTON, SJ. 1983. Compensatory plant growth as a response to herbivory. Oikos 40:329-336.
MEMMOTT, J; NM WASER & MV PRICE. 2004. Tolerance of pollination networks to species extinctions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 271:2605-2611.
MILCHUNAS, D; O SALA & WK LAUENROTH. 1988. A generalized model of the effects of grazing by large herbivores on grassland community structure. American Naturalist 132:87-106.
MILLER, R; T SVEJCAR & N WEST. 1994. Implications of livestock herbivory in the intermountain sagebrush region: plant composition. Pag. 101-146 en M Vavra, WA Laycock, y R Pieper, editores. Ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the west. Society for Range Managment, Denver.
MIYASHITA, T; M TAKADA & A SHIMAZAKI. 2004. Indirect effects of herbivory by deer reduce abundance and species richness of web spiders. Écoscience 11:74-79.
MORRIS, WF. 2003. Which mutualists are most essential? Buffering of plant reproduction against the extinction of pollinators. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
MURCIA, C. 1995. Edge effects in fragmented forests: Implications for conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10:58-62.
MURCIA, C. 1996. Forest fragmentation and the pollination of neotropical plants. Pages 19-36 Forest Patches in tropical landscapes. Island Press, Washington, D.C., Covelo, California.
PAIGE, KN. 1992. Overcompensation in response to mammalian herbivory: from mutualistic to antagonistic interactions. Ecology 73:2076-2085.
PARUELO, JM; A BELTRÁN; E JOBBÁGY; OE SALA & RA GOLLUSCIO. 1998. The climate of Patagonia: general patterns and controls on biotic processes. Ecologia
Austral 8:85-101.
SAUNDERS, D; R HOBBS & C MARGULES. 1991. Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology 5:18-32.
SHIPLEY, B. 2000. Cause and Correlation in Biology: a user guide to path analysis, structural equations and causal inference. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
SIH, A & MS BALTUS. 1987. Patch size, pollinator behavior, and pollinator limitation in catnip. Ecology 68:1679-1690.
SOWIG, P. 1989. Effects of flowering plant ́s patch size on species composition of pollinator communities, foraging strategies, and resource partitioning in bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Oecologia 78:550-558.
STRAUSS, SY & WS ARMBRUSTER. 1997. Linking herbivory and pollination: new perspectives on plant and animal ecology and evolution. Ecology 78:1617-1618.
STRAUSS, SY; JK CONNER & SL RUSH. 1996. Foliar herbivory affects floral characters and plant attractiveness to pollinators: implications for male and female plant fitness. American Naturalist 147:1098-1107.
TADEY, M. 2006. Grazing without grasses: Effects of introduced livestock on plant community composition in an arid environment in northern Patagonia. Applied Vegetation Science 9:109-116.
TADEY, M. 2007. Efectos del pastoreo sobre la polinización y reproducción de plantas del Monte Patagónico. Tesis de Doctorado. Universidad Nacional del Comahue, S. C. de Bariloche.
TADEY, M & AG FARJI-BRENER. 2007a. Indirect effects of exotic grazers: livestock decreases the nutrient content of refuse dumps of leaf-cutting ants through vegetation impoverishment. Journal of Applied Ecology 44:1209-1218.
TADEY, M & AG FARJI-BRENER. 2007b. Identifying direct and indirect effects of exotic grazers on native plant cover in the Monte desert of Argentina. Journal of Arid Environment 69:526–536.
VALLENTINE, JF. 2001. Grazing management. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, US.
VAUGHTON, G. 1992. Effectiveness of nectarivorous birds and honeybees as pollinators of Branksia spinulosa (Proteacea). Australian Journal of Ecology 17:43-50.
VÁZQUEZ, DP & D SIMBERLOF. 2003. Changes in interaction biodiversity induced by an introduced ungulate. Ecology Letters 6:1077-1083.
VÁZQUEZ, DP & D SIMBERLOFF. 2004. Indirect effects of an introduced ungulate on pollination and plant reproduction. Ecological Monographs 74:281-308.
VÁZQUEZ, DP & MA AIZEN. 2004. Asymmetric specialization: a pervasive feature of plant-pollinator interactions. Ecology 85:1251-1257.
WASER, NM. 1989. Optimal outcrossing in Ipomopsis aggregata: Seed set and offspring fitness. Evolution 43:1097-1109.
WATKINSON, AR & SJ ORMEROD. 2001. Grasslands, grazing and biodiversity: editors’ introduction. Journal of Applied Ecology 38:233-237.
AIZEN, MA & P FEINSINGER. 1994a. Habitat fragmentation, native insect pollinators, and feral honey bees in Argentine Chaco Serrano. Ecological Applications 4:378-392.
AIZEN, MA & P FEINSINGER. 1994b. Forest fragmentation, pollination, and plant reproduction in a Chaco dry forest, Argentine. Ecology 75:330-351.
AIZEN, MA & P FEINSINGER. 2003. Bees not to be? Responses of insect pollinator faunas and flower pollination to habitat fragmentation. Pages 111-129 en G Bradshaw, P Marquet, y H Moonet, editores. How Landscapes Change: Human Disturbance and Ecosystems Disruptions in the Americas. Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
AIZEN, MA & DP VÁZQUEZ. 2006. Flower performance in human-altered habitats.en LD Harder, & SCH Barrett, editores. Ecology and Evolution of flowers. Oxford University Press.
BARRETT, SCH & LD HARDER. 1996. Ecology of sexual systems of plant mating. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:73-79.
BOND, WJ. 1994. Do mutualisms matter? Assessing the impact of pollinator and disperser disruption on plant extintion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences 344:83-90.
BOYER, JS. 1988. Cell enlargement and growth- induced water potentials. Physiologia Plantarum 73:311-316.
CABRERA, A. 1953. Esquema fitogeográfico de la República Argentina. Revista del Museo de La Plata, Botánica 8:87-168.
CINGOLANI, AM; I NOY-MEIR & S DÍAZ. 2005. Grazing effects on rangeland diversity: a synthesis of contemporary models. Ecological Applications 15:757-773.
DAFNI, A. 1992. Pollination Ecology. Oxford University Press Inc., New York.
DEL VALLE, HF. 1998. Patagonian soils: a regional synthesis. Ecologia Austral 8:103-123.
DIGGLE, PK. 1992. Development and evolution of plant reproductive characters. Pag. 397 en R Wyatt, editor. Ecology and evolution of plant reproduction. Chapman & Hall, New York.
HARDER, LD. 1988. Choice of individual flowers by bumble bees: interaction of morphology, time and energy. Behaviour 104:60-77.
HARDER, LD & SCH BARRETT. 1996. Pollen dispersal and mating patterns in animal-pollinated plants. Pag. 409 en DG Lloyd, & SCH Barrett, editores. Floral Biology. Studies on floral evolution in animal- pollinated plants. Chapman & Hall, New York.
HERRERA, CM. 1987. Composes of pollinator “quality”: comparative analysis of a diverse insect assemblage. Oikos 50:79-90.
HERRERA, CM. 1989. Pollinator abundance, morphology, and flower visitation rate: analysis of the “quantity” component in a plant-pollinator system. Oecologia 80:241-248.
HERRERA, CM. 2000. Flower-to-seedling consequences of different pollination regimes in an insect-pollinated shrub. Ecology 81:15-29.
HURLBERT, SH. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs 54:187-211.
JORDANO, P; J BASCOMPTE & JM OLESEN. 2003. Invariant properties in coevolutionary networks of plant-animal interactions. Ecology Letters 6:69-81.
KANDORI, I. 2002. Diverse visitors with various pollinator importance and temporal change in the important pollinators of Geranium thunbergii (Geraniaceae). Ecological Research 17:283-294.
KEARNS, CA & DW INOUYE. 1993. Techniques for pollination biologists. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado.
KEARNS, CA & DW INOUYE. 1997. Pollinators, flowering plants, and conservation biology. Bioscience 47:297-306.
KLEIN, AM; I STEFFAN-DEWENTER & T TSCHARNTKE. 2003. Fruit set of highland coffee increases with the diversity of pollinating bees. Proceedings of the Royal Society 270:955-961.
KLINKHAMER, P & TJ JONG. 1990. Effects of plant density and sex differential reward on pollination visitation in the protandrous Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae). Oikos 57:399-405.
KWAK, M. 1987. Pollination and pollen flow disturbed by honeybees in bumblebee-pollinated Rhinanthus population? Pages 273-283 en J Van Andel, editor. Disturbance in grasslands. Dr. W. Junk, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
LEGENDRE, P & L LEGENDRE. 1998. Numerical Ecology. Elsevier.
LEÓN, RJC; D BRAN; M COLLANTES; JM PARUELO & A SORIANO. 1998. Grandes unidades de vegetación de la Patagonia extra andina. Ecologia Austral 8:125-144.
LOVEJOY, T; ROJ BIERREGAARD; AB RYLANDS; CE QUINTELA; LH HARPER; KSJ BROWN; AH POWELL & GVN POWELL. 1986. Edge and other effects of isolation on Amazon forest fragments. Pag. 257-285 en ME Soulé, editor. Conservation biology: the science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
MASCHINSKI, J & TG WHITHAM. 1989. The continuum of plant responses to herbivory: The influence of plant association, nutrient availability, and timing. American Naturalist 134:1-19.
MCNAUGHTON, SJ. 1983. Compensatory plant growth as a response to herbivory. Oikos 40:329-336.
MEMMOTT, J; NM WASER & MV PRICE. 2004. Tolerance of pollination networks to species extinctions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 271:2605-2611.
MILCHUNAS, D; O SALA & WK LAUENROTH. 1988. A generalized model of the effects of grazing by large herbivores on grassland community structure. American Naturalist 132:87-106.
MILLER, R; T SVEJCAR & N WEST. 1994. Implications of livestock herbivory in the intermountain sagebrush region: plant composition. Pag. 101-146 en M Vavra, WA Laycock, y R Pieper, editores. Ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the west. Society for Range Managment, Denver.
MIYASHITA, T; M TAKADA & A SHIMAZAKI. 2004. Indirect effects of herbivory by deer reduce abundance and species richness of web spiders. Écoscience 11:74-79.
MORRIS, WF. 2003. Which mutualists are most essential? Buffering of plant reproduction against the extinction of pollinators. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
MURCIA, C. 1995. Edge effects in fragmented forests: Implications for conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10:58-62.
MURCIA, C. 1996. Forest fragmentation and the pollination of neotropical plants. Pages 19-36 Forest Patches in tropical landscapes. Island Press, Washington, D.C., Covelo, California.
PAIGE, KN. 1992. Overcompensation in response to mammalian herbivory: from mutualistic to antagonistic interactions. Ecology 73:2076-2085.
PARUELO, JM; A BELTRÁN; E JOBBÁGY; OE SALA & RA GOLLUSCIO. 1998. The climate of Patagonia: general patterns and controls on biotic processes. Ecologia
Austral 8:85-101.
SAUNDERS, D; R HOBBS & C MARGULES. 1991. Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology 5:18-32.
SHIPLEY, B. 2000. Cause and Correlation in Biology: a user guide to path analysis, structural equations and causal inference. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
SIH, A & MS BALTUS. 1987. Patch size, pollinator behavior, and pollinator limitation in catnip. Ecology 68:1679-1690.
SOWIG, P. 1989. Effects of flowering plant ́s patch size on species composition of pollinator communities, foraging strategies, and resource partitioning in bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Oecologia 78:550-558.
STRAUSS, SY & WS ARMBRUSTER. 1997. Linking herbivory and pollination: new perspectives on plant and animal ecology and evolution. Ecology 78:1617-1618.
STRAUSS, SY; JK CONNER & SL RUSH. 1996. Foliar herbivory affects floral characters and plant attractiveness to pollinators: implications for male and female plant fitness. American Naturalist 147:1098-1107.
TADEY, M. 2006. Grazing without grasses: Effects of introduced livestock on plant community composition in an arid environment in northern Patagonia. Applied Vegetation Science 9:109-116.
TADEY, M. 2007. Efectos del pastoreo sobre la polinización y reproducción de plantas del Monte Patagónico. Tesis de Doctorado. Universidad Nacional del Comahue, S. C. de Bariloche.
TADEY, M & AG FARJI-BRENER. 2007a. Indirect effects of exotic grazers: livestock decreases the nutrient content of refuse dumps of leaf-cutting ants through vegetation impoverishment. Journal of Applied Ecology 44:1209-1218.
TADEY, M & AG FARJI-BRENER. 2007b. Identifying direct and indirect effects of exotic grazers on native plant cover in the Monte desert of Argentina. Journal of Arid Environment 69:526–536.
VALLENTINE, JF. 2001. Grazing management. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, US.
VAUGHTON, G. 1992. Effectiveness of nectarivorous birds and honeybees as pollinators of Branksia spinulosa (Proteacea). Australian Journal of Ecology 17:43-50.
VÁZQUEZ, DP & D SIMBERLOF. 2003. Changes in interaction biodiversity induced by an introduced ungulate. Ecology Letters 6:1077-1083.
VÁZQUEZ, DP & D SIMBERLOFF. 2004. Indirect effects of an introduced ungulate on pollination and plant reproduction. Ecological Monographs 74:281-308.
VÁZQUEZ, DP & MA AIZEN. 2004. Asymmetric specialization: a pervasive feature of plant-pollinator interactions. Ecology 85:1251-1257.
WASER, NM. 1989. Optimal outcrossing in Ipomopsis aggregata: Seed set and offspring fitness. Evolution 43:1097-1109.
WATKINSON, AR & SJ ORMEROD. 2001. Grasslands, grazing and biodiversity: editors’ introduction. Journal of Applied Ecology 38:233-237.
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2008-04-01
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Tadey, M. (2008). Efecto del ganado sobre los niveles de polinización en especies vegetales del monte patagónico. Ecología Austral, 18(1), 089–100. Recuperado a partir de https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1399
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