Actividad biológica y agregados estables al agua en dos tipos de formaciones vegetales de un bosque templado del Centro-Sur de Chile con perturbación antrópica
Palabras clave:
ecosistemas forestales, biomasa microbiana, actividades enzimáticas, agregados estables al aguaResumen
La demanda creciente de productos maderables y no maderables, provenientes de bosques naturales, ha aumentado la tasa de degradación de estos sistemas. Este proceso resulta en la necesidad de conocer cuáles son las variables dinámicas que intervienen en su regulación. En este trabajo determinamos algunos parámetros biológicos del suelo, tales como la hidrólisis de la fluoresceína diacetato (FDA); carbono, nitrógeno y ergosterol de la biomasa microbiana y la actividad de algunas enzimas involucradas en el ciclo del carbono (C) (β-glucosidasa y manganeso peroxidasa), en el ciclo del nitrógeno (N) (ureasa) y en el ciclo del fósforo (fosfatasa ácida). Estudiamos un suelo rizosférico con características de Andisol en dos tipos de bosque (bosque secundario de Nothofagus obliqua y bosque maduro de Aextoxicon punctatum). Determinamos, además, el porcentaje de agregados estables al agua. Todos los parámetros estudiados resultaron significativamente mayores en el bosque secundario que en el bosque maduro. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la mayor acumulación de materia orgánica en el sitio dominado por las especies caducifolias, principalmente Nothofagus obliqua, se traduce en condiciones más favorables para la actividad de los microorganismos, principalmente de la biomasa fúngica, asociadas a una mayor humedad del suelo.
Citas
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ALVEAR, M; A ROSAS; JL ROUANET & F BORIE. 2005. Effects of three soil tillage systems on some biological activities in Ultisol from Southern Chile. Soil Tillage Research, 82: 195-202.
ALVEAR, M; M PINO; C CASTILLO; C TRASAR-CEPEDA & F GIL-SOTRES. 2006. Efecto de la cero labranza aobre algunas actividades biológicas en un alfisol del sur de Chile. Ciencia del Suelo y Nutrición Vegetal, 6 (2): 38-53.
ARAVENA, C; MC DIEZ; F GALLARDO; ML MORA & C VALENTÍN. 2007. Utilización de lodo de la industria de celulosa y su efecto sobre las propiedades físico-químicas en suelos volcánicos degradados. Ciencia del Suelo y Nutrición Vegetal. In Press.
ARRIAGADA, C; M HERRERA; I GARCÍA-ROMERA & J OCAMPO. 2004. Tolerance to Cd of soyben (Glycine max) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globu-lus) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal and saprobe fungi. Symbiosis, 36: 285-299.
ARROYO, MTK; L CAVIERES; A PEÑALOZA; M RIVEROS & A FAGGI. 1996. Relaciones fitogeográficas y patrones regionales de riqueza de especies en la flora del bosque lluvioso templado de Sudamérica. Pp. 71-99 in: Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile. J. Armesto, C. Villagrán, M.K. Arroyo, eds. Editorial Universitaria. Santiago, Chile.
BENDING, GD; C PUTLAND & F RAYNS. 2000. Changes in microbial community metabolism and labile organic matter fractions as early indicators of the impact of management on soil biological quality. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 31:78-84.
BORIE, F; R RUBIO; A MORALES & C CASTILLO. 2000. Relación entre la densidad de hifas de hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares y producción de glomalina con las características físicas y químicas de suelos bajo cero labranza. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 73:749-756.
BÜRGMANN, H. 1998. Soil quality changes under Pinus radiata plantations in the IX th region of Chile; applicability of soil microbial activity and nutrient analysis for the evaluation of sustentability. Diplomarbeit, Universität Bayreuth. Bayreuth, Alemania. 128 p.
CAMPBELL, C; S GRAYSTON & D HIRST. 1997. Use of rhizosphere carbon sources in sole carbon source tests to discriminate soil microbial communities. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 30:33-41.
CERDÀ, A. 1998. Soil aggregate stability under different Mediterranean vegetation types. Catena, 32:73-86.
CIREN-CORFO. 1989. Descripciones de suelos y materiales y símbolos. Estudio agroecológico de la provincia de Cautín, IX Región. Publicación Ciren, N° 77.
CONTRERAS, F; C RIVERO & J PAOLINI. 1995. Efecto de la Incorporación de Residuos Orgánicos y dos Tipos de Labranza sobre la Actividad de la Ureasa en un Alfisol. Venesuelos, 3:2-6.
DENG, SP & MA TABATABAI. 1996. Effect of tillage and residue management on enzyme activities in soils. II Glycosidases. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 22: 208-213.
DIEZ, MC; F GALLARDO; G SAAVEDRA; M CEA; L GIANFREDA; M ALVEAR. 2006. Effect of pentachlorophenol on selected soil enzyme activities in a chilean andisol. Ciencia del Suelo y Nutrición Vegetal, 6:40-51.
EIVAZI, F & MA TABATABAI. 1990. Factors affecting glucosidase and galactosidase activities in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22:891-897.
GAJARDO, R. La vegetación natural de Chile. 1994. Clasificación y distribución geográfica. Editorial Universitaria. Santiago, Chile.
GARCÍA-ALVAREZ, A & JJ IBÁÑEZ. 1994. Seasonal fluctuations and crop influence on microbiota and enzyme activity in fully developed soils of Central Spain. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation, 8: 161-178.
GARCÍA-GIL, J; C PLAZA; N SENESI; G BRUNETTI & A POLO. 2004. Effects of sewage sludge amen-dment of humic acids and microbiological proper-ties of a semiarid Mediterranean soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 39:320-328.
GERZABEK, M; H KIRCHMANN & F PICHLMAYER. 1995. Response of soil aggregate stability to manure amendments in Ultuma long-term organic matter experiment. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde, 158:257-560.
GIL-SOTRES, F; M TRASAR-CEPEDA; C CIARDI; B CECCANTTI & M LEIROS. 1992. Biochemical characterization of biological activity in very young mine soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 13:25-30.
HOFRICHTER, M. 2002. Review: lignin conversion by manganese peroxidase. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 30:454-466.
HOFRICHTER, M; K SCHEIBNER; I SCHNEEGASS & W FRITSCHE. 1998. Enzymatic combustion of aromatic and aliphatic compounds by manganese peroxidase from Nematoloma frowardii. Applications Environment Microbiology, 64:399–404.
HÜNNEMEYER, JA; R DE CAMINO & S MÜLLER. 1997. Análisis del desarrollo sostenible en centroamérica: Indicadores para la agricultura y los recursos naturales. IICA/GTZ. San José, Costa Rica.
JANSSEN, BH. 1996. Nitrogen mineralization in relation to C:N ratio and decomposability of organic material. Plant and Soil, 181:39-45.
JOERGENSEN, R & P BROOKES. 1990. Ninhydrin-reactive measurements of microbial biomass in 0.5 M K2SO4 soil extracts. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22:1023-1028.
JOERGENSEN, R. 1996. Quantification of microbial biomass by determining ninhydrin-reactive N. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 28:301-306.
JONES, D. 1998 Organics acids in the rhizosphere a critical review. Plant and Soil, 205:25-44.
KAMPER, WD & RC ROSSENAU. 1986. Aggregate stability and size distribution. pp. 427-442 in: Methods of Soil Analysis, part I. Physical and Mineralogical Methods-Agronomy. Monograph No 9 (2nd edition).
KENNEDY, AC & RI PAPENDICK. 1995. Microbial characteristics of soil quality. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 6:243-248.
LEYVAL, C & J BERTHELIN. 1993. Rhizodeposition and net release of soluble organic compounds by pine and beech seedlings inoculated with rhizobacteria and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 15:259-267.
MAXWELL, RA & DC COLEMAN. 1995. Seasonal dynamics of nematode and microbial biomass in soils of riparian – zone forests of the southern Appalachians. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 27: 79-84.
MONTGOMERY, HJ; CM MONREAL; JC YOUNG & KA SEIFERT. 2000. Determination of soil fungal biomass from soil ergosterol analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32:1207-1217.
MURER, E & E KANDELER. 1993. Aggregate stability and soil microbial processes in a soil with different cultivation. Geoderma, 56:503-513.
NANNIPIERI, P; L LANSI & J BADALUCCO. 1995. La capacità metabolica a la qualità del suolo. Agronomía, 29:312-316.
OLANDER, LP & PM VITOUSEK. 2000. Regulation of soil phosphatase and chitinase activity by N and P availability. Biogeochemistry, 49:175–190 .
PANKHURST, CE; BG HAWKE; HJ MCDONALD; CA KIRKBY; JC BUCKERFIELD ET AL. 1995. Evaluation of soil biological properties as potential bioindicators of soil health. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 35:1015-1028.
PASZCZYNSKI, A; R CRAWFORD & V-B HUYNH. 1988. Manganese peroxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium: purification. Methods in Enzymology, 161:264-270.
PRITCHETT, WL. 1991. Suelos Forestales. Editorial Limusa. Ciudad de México, México. 634 pp.
RAD, C; J ARROYO; D PÉREZ-ALONSO; D RODRÍGUEZ- UNAMUNO; S GONZÁLEZ-CARCEDO & J ITURRONDOBEITIA. 2004. The role of organic matter in supporting the biological activity and the mesofaunal diversity in the upper horizon of soils with different levels of disturbance. www.bodenkunde.uni-freiburg.de/eurosoil.
SALAS, C. 2001. Caracterización básica del relicto de biodiversidad Rucamanque. Bosque Nativo, 29:3-9.
SCHNÜRER, J & T ROSSWALL. 1982 Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as a measure of total microbial activity in soil and litter. Applied environment microbiology, 43:1256-1261.
SINGH, J; A RAGHUBANSHI; R SINGH & S SRIVASTAVA. 1989. Microbial biomass acts as a source of plants nutrients in dry tropical forest and savanna. Nature, 338:499-500.
STHAL, PD & TB PARKIN. 1996. Relationship of soil ergosterol concentration and fungal biomass. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 28:847-855. SULLIVAN, L. 1990. Soil organic matter, air encapsulation and water stable aggregation. Soil Science, 41:529-534.
SWENSEN, B & L BAKKEN.1998. Nitrification potential and urease activity in a mineral subsoil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30:1333-1341.
TARAFDAR, JC & H MARSCHNER. 1994. Phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and hiphosphera of VA micorrhizal wheat supplied with organic and inorganic phosphorus. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 26:387-395.
VANCE, F; P BROOKES & D JENKINSON. 1987. Microbial biomass measurements in forest soils: The use of the cloroform fumigation-incubation method in strongly acid soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 19:697-702.
VEBLEN, TT & C DONOSO. 1987. Alteración Natural y Dinámica Regenerativa de las Especies Chilenas de Nothofagus de la Región de los Lagos. Bosque, 8: 133-142.
WRIGHT, S & A UPADHYAYA. 1998. A survey of soils foe aggregate stability and glomalin, a glyco-protein produced by hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant and Soil, 198:97-107.
ALVEAR, M; A ROSAS; JL ROUANET & F BORIE. 2005. Effects of three soil tillage systems on some biological activities in Ultisol from Southern Chile. Soil Tillage Research, 82: 195-202.
ALVEAR, M; M PINO; C CASTILLO; C TRASAR-CEPEDA & F GIL-SOTRES. 2006. Efecto de la cero labranza aobre algunas actividades biológicas en un alfisol del sur de Chile. Ciencia del Suelo y Nutrición Vegetal, 6 (2): 38-53.
ARAVENA, C; MC DIEZ; F GALLARDO; ML MORA & C VALENTÍN. 2007. Utilización de lodo de la industria de celulosa y su efecto sobre las propiedades físico-químicas en suelos volcánicos degradados. Ciencia del Suelo y Nutrición Vegetal. In Press.
ARRIAGADA, C; M HERRERA; I GARCÍA-ROMERA & J OCAMPO. 2004. Tolerance to Cd of soyben (Glycine max) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globu-lus) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal and saprobe fungi. Symbiosis, 36: 285-299.
ARROYO, MTK; L CAVIERES; A PEÑALOZA; M RIVEROS & A FAGGI. 1996. Relaciones fitogeográficas y patrones regionales de riqueza de especies en la flora del bosque lluvioso templado de Sudamérica. Pp. 71-99 in: Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile. J. Armesto, C. Villagrán, M.K. Arroyo, eds. Editorial Universitaria. Santiago, Chile.
BENDING, GD; C PUTLAND & F RAYNS. 2000. Changes in microbial community metabolism and labile organic matter fractions as early indicators of the impact of management on soil biological quality. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 31:78-84.
BORIE, F; R RUBIO; A MORALES & C CASTILLO. 2000. Relación entre la densidad de hifas de hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares y producción de glomalina con las características físicas y químicas de suelos bajo cero labranza. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 73:749-756.
BÜRGMANN, H. 1998. Soil quality changes under Pinus radiata plantations in the IX th region of Chile; applicability of soil microbial activity and nutrient analysis for the evaluation of sustentability. Diplomarbeit, Universität Bayreuth. Bayreuth, Alemania. 128 p.
CAMPBELL, C; S GRAYSTON & D HIRST. 1997. Use of rhizosphere carbon sources in sole carbon source tests to discriminate soil microbial communities. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 30:33-41.
CERDÀ, A. 1998. Soil aggregate stability under different Mediterranean vegetation types. Catena, 32:73-86.
CIREN-CORFO. 1989. Descripciones de suelos y materiales y símbolos. Estudio agroecológico de la provincia de Cautín, IX Región. Publicación Ciren, N° 77.
CONTRERAS, F; C RIVERO & J PAOLINI. 1995. Efecto de la Incorporación de Residuos Orgánicos y dos Tipos de Labranza sobre la Actividad de la Ureasa en un Alfisol. Venesuelos, 3:2-6.
DENG, SP & MA TABATABAI. 1996. Effect of tillage and residue management on enzyme activities in soils. II Glycosidases. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 22: 208-213.
DIEZ, MC; F GALLARDO; G SAAVEDRA; M CEA; L GIANFREDA; M ALVEAR. 2006. Effect of pentachlorophenol on selected soil enzyme activities in a chilean andisol. Ciencia del Suelo y Nutrición Vegetal, 6:40-51.
EIVAZI, F & MA TABATABAI. 1990. Factors affecting glucosidase and galactosidase activities in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22:891-897.
GAJARDO, R. La vegetación natural de Chile. 1994. Clasificación y distribución geográfica. Editorial Universitaria. Santiago, Chile.
GARCÍA-ALVAREZ, A & JJ IBÁÑEZ. 1994. Seasonal fluctuations and crop influence on microbiota and enzyme activity in fully developed soils of Central Spain. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation, 8: 161-178.
GARCÍA-GIL, J; C PLAZA; N SENESI; G BRUNETTI & A POLO. 2004. Effects of sewage sludge amen-dment of humic acids and microbiological proper-ties of a semiarid Mediterranean soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 39:320-328.
GERZABEK, M; H KIRCHMANN & F PICHLMAYER. 1995. Response of soil aggregate stability to manure amendments in Ultuma long-term organic matter experiment. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde, 158:257-560.
GIL-SOTRES, F; M TRASAR-CEPEDA; C CIARDI; B CECCANTTI & M LEIROS. 1992. Biochemical characterization of biological activity in very young mine soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 13:25-30.
HOFRICHTER, M. 2002. Review: lignin conversion by manganese peroxidase. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 30:454-466.
HOFRICHTER, M; K SCHEIBNER; I SCHNEEGASS & W FRITSCHE. 1998. Enzymatic combustion of aromatic and aliphatic compounds by manganese peroxidase from Nematoloma frowardii. Applications Environment Microbiology, 64:399–404.
HÜNNEMEYER, JA; R DE CAMINO & S MÜLLER. 1997. Análisis del desarrollo sostenible en centroamérica: Indicadores para la agricultura y los recursos naturales. IICA/GTZ. San José, Costa Rica.
JANSSEN, BH. 1996. Nitrogen mineralization in relation to C:N ratio and decomposability of organic material. Plant and Soil, 181:39-45.
JOERGENSEN, R & P BROOKES. 1990. Ninhydrin-reactive measurements of microbial biomass in 0.5 M K2SO4 soil extracts. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22:1023-1028.
JOERGENSEN, R. 1996. Quantification of microbial biomass by determining ninhydrin-reactive N. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 28:301-306.
JONES, D. 1998 Organics acids in the rhizosphere a critical review. Plant and Soil, 205:25-44.
KAMPER, WD & RC ROSSENAU. 1986. Aggregate stability and size distribution. pp. 427-442 in: Methods of Soil Analysis, part I. Physical and Mineralogical Methods-Agronomy. Monograph No 9 (2nd edition).
KENNEDY, AC & RI PAPENDICK. 1995. Microbial characteristics of soil quality. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 6:243-248.
LEYVAL, C & J BERTHELIN. 1993. Rhizodeposition and net release of soluble organic compounds by pine and beech seedlings inoculated with rhizobacteria and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 15:259-267.
MAXWELL, RA & DC COLEMAN. 1995. Seasonal dynamics of nematode and microbial biomass in soils of riparian – zone forests of the southern Appalachians. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 27: 79-84.
MONTGOMERY, HJ; CM MONREAL; JC YOUNG & KA SEIFERT. 2000. Determination of soil fungal biomass from soil ergosterol analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32:1207-1217.
MURER, E & E KANDELER. 1993. Aggregate stability and soil microbial processes in a soil with different cultivation. Geoderma, 56:503-513.
NANNIPIERI, P; L LANSI & J BADALUCCO. 1995. La capacità metabolica a la qualità del suolo. Agronomía, 29:312-316.
OLANDER, LP & PM VITOUSEK. 2000. Regulation of soil phosphatase and chitinase activity by N and P availability. Biogeochemistry, 49:175–190 .
PANKHURST, CE; BG HAWKE; HJ MCDONALD; CA KIRKBY; JC BUCKERFIELD ET AL. 1995. Evaluation of soil biological properties as potential bioindicators of soil health. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 35:1015-1028.
PASZCZYNSKI, A; R CRAWFORD & V-B HUYNH. 1988. Manganese peroxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium: purification. Methods in Enzymology, 161:264-270.
PRITCHETT, WL. 1991. Suelos Forestales. Editorial Limusa. Ciudad de México, México. 634 pp.
RAD, C; J ARROYO; D PÉREZ-ALONSO; D RODRÍGUEZ- UNAMUNO; S GONZÁLEZ-CARCEDO & J ITURRONDOBEITIA. 2004. The role of organic matter in supporting the biological activity and the mesofaunal diversity in the upper horizon of soils with different levels of disturbance. www.bodenkunde.uni-freiburg.de/eurosoil.
SALAS, C. 2001. Caracterización básica del relicto de biodiversidad Rucamanque. Bosque Nativo, 29:3-9.
SCHNÜRER, J & T ROSSWALL. 1982 Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as a measure of total microbial activity in soil and litter. Applied environment microbiology, 43:1256-1261.
SINGH, J; A RAGHUBANSHI; R SINGH & S SRIVASTAVA. 1989. Microbial biomass acts as a source of plants nutrients in dry tropical forest and savanna. Nature, 338:499-500.
STHAL, PD & TB PARKIN. 1996. Relationship of soil ergosterol concentration and fungal biomass. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 28:847-855. SULLIVAN, L. 1990. Soil organic matter, air encapsulation and water stable aggregation. Soil Science, 41:529-534.
SWENSEN, B & L BAKKEN.1998. Nitrification potential and urease activity in a mineral subsoil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30:1333-1341.
TARAFDAR, JC & H MARSCHNER. 1994. Phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and hiphosphera of VA micorrhizal wheat supplied with organic and inorganic phosphorus. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 26:387-395.
VANCE, F; P BROOKES & D JENKINSON. 1987. Microbial biomass measurements in forest soils: The use of the cloroform fumigation-incubation method in strongly acid soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 19:697-702.
VEBLEN, TT & C DONOSO. 1987. Alteración Natural y Dinámica Regenerativa de las Especies Chilenas de Nothofagus de la Región de los Lagos. Bosque, 8: 133-142.
WRIGHT, S & A UPADHYAYA. 1998. A survey of soils foe aggregate stability and glomalin, a glyco-protein produced by hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant and Soil, 198:97-107.
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2007-06-01
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Alvear, M., Reyes, F., Morales, A., Arriagada, C., & Reyes, M. (2007). Actividad biológica y agregados estables al agua en dos tipos de formaciones vegetales de un bosque templado del Centro-Sur de Chile con perturbación antrópica. Ecología Austral, 17(1), 113–122. Recuperado a partir de https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1427
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