Gremios de manejo como indicadores de las condiciones del ambiente: un estudio de caso con aves y perturbaciones del hábitat en el Monte central, Argentina
Palabras clave:
aves, fuego, gremios de manejo, indicadores, pastoreo, perturbaciones, MonteResumen
Diferentes agrupamientos supra-específicos (e.g., gremios, grupos funcionales) son usados como herramientas de manejo para obtener indicadores simples o económicos del estado de los recursos o de la "salud" de las comunidades locales. Una de las propuestas es usar "gremios de manejo", que agrupan a las especies que tienen la misma respuesta a las perturbaciones de su ambiente. De acuerdo a la técnica a priori propuesta para formarlos, clasificamos las especies de aves del desierto del Monte central (Reserva de la Biosfera de Ñacuñán, Argentina) en gremios tróficos y de nidificación, utilizando datos propios, haciendo énfasis en el uso de microhábitats. Caracterizamos la estructura de la vegetación y estimamos la riqueza de especies de aves y la densidad de cada gremio en hábitats de bosque abierto de algarrobo protegidos ("control") y hábitats bajo dos de las perturbaciones más habituales en este sistema: incendio y pastoreo. Ambas perturbaciones estuvieron asociadas con cambios estructurales importantes y duraderos, en especial el incendio, reduciendo los valores de cobertura de los estratos de gramíneas y leñosas. El número de especies de aves siguió el mismo patrón. Las densidades de solo algunos de los gremios tróficos y de nidificación variaron entre condiciones de manera similar a la estructura de la vegetación. La obtención de gremios de manejo a partir de agrupar a las especies por su uso de recursos es una hipótesis pasible de ser puesta a prueba, y en nuestro caso la respuesta consistente ante la perturbación apareció sólo en aquellos casos triviales donde se afectaron drásticamente recursos esenciales para esas aves por definición (e.g., si no hay arbustos no hay aves que se alimentan en los arbustos). El agrupamiento a posteriori de especies que efectivamente respondan de manera similar a un impacto parece ser una herramienta útil, pero no está libre de problemas (circularidad, extrapolación a condiciones distintas, razonamiento plausible pero falaz). Además, en estos casos donde solo se asocian variables igualmente observables, es más fácil y directo medir el recurso perturbado que al indicador, por lo que éste se vuelve innecesario.
Citas
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BOCK, CE & JH BOCK. 1999. Response of winter birds to drought and short-duration grazing in southeast-ern Arizona. Conserv. Biol. 13:1117-1123.
BOCK, CE; VA SAAB; TD RICH & DS DOBKIN. 1993. Effects of livestock grazing on Neotropical migratory landbirds in western North America. Pp. 296-309 en: DM Finch & PW Stangel (eds). Status and management of Neotropical migratory birds. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-229. USDA Forest Service. Fort Collins, EEUU.
BOCK, CE & B WEBB. 1984. Birds as grazing indicator species in Southeastern Arizona. J. Wildlife Manage. 48:1045-1049.
BRAWN, JD; SK ROBINSON & FR THOMPSON, III. 2001. The role of disturbance in the ecology and conservation of birds. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 32:251-276.
BRUSH, T & EW STILES. 1986. Using food abundance to predict habitat use by birds. Pp. 57-63 en: J Verner; ML Morrison & CJ Ralphs (eds). Wildlife 2000. Modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. University of Wisconsin Press. Madison, EEUU.
BUNGE, M. 2000. Physicians ignore philosophy at their risk óand ours. Facta Philosophica 1:133-144.
CANFIELD, RH. 1941. Application of the line interception method in sampling range vegetation. J. Forest. 39:388-394.
CANTERBURY, GE; TE MARTIN; DR PETIT; LJ PETIT & DF BRADFORD. 2000. Bird communities and habitat as ecological indicators of forest condition in regional monitoring. Conserv. Biol. 14:544-558.
CAPURRO, HA. 1985. Ecología de las comunidades de aves granívoras en el bosque chaqueño occidental. Tesis de doctorado, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Córdoba, Argentina.
CAPURRO, HA & EH BUCHER. 1982. Poblaciones de aves granívoras y disponibilidad de semillas en el bosque chaqueño de Chamical. Ecosur 9:117-131.
CARO, TM & G O'DOHERTY. 1999. On the use of surrogate species in Conservation Biology. Conserv. Biol. 13:805-814.
CHASE, MK; WB KRISTAN, III; AJ LYNAM; MV PRICE & JT ROTENBERRY. 2000. Single species as indicators of species richness and composition in California coastal sage scrub birds and small mammals. Conserv. Biol. 14:474-487.
CHRISTENSEN, NL. 1985. Shrubland fire regimes and their evolutionary consequences. Pp. 85-100 en: STA Pickett & PS White (eds). The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press. Orlando, EEUU.
CONNELLY, JW; KP REESE; RA FISCHER & WL WAKKINEN. 2000. Response of a sagegrouse breeding population to fire in southeastern Idaho. Wildlife Soc. B. 28:90-96.
CONNER, RN & JG DICKSON. 1980. Strip transect sampling and analysis for avian habitat studies. Wildlife Soc. B. 8:4-10.
DAVIS, MA; DW PETERSON; PB REICH; M CROZIER; T QUERY ET AL. 2000. Restoring savanna using fire: impact on the breeding bird community. Restor. Ecol. 8:30-40.
DEGRAAF, RM & NL CHADWICK. 1984. Habitat classification: a comparison using avian species and guilds. Environ. Manage. 8:511-518.
EASTON, WE & K MARTIN. 1998. The effect of vegetation management on breeding bird communities in British Columbia. Ecol. Appl. 8:1092-1103.
FEINSINGER, P. 2001. Designing field studies for biodiversity conservation. The Nature Conservancy e Island Press. Washington DC, EEUU.
FITZGERALD, SM & GW TANNER. 1992. Avian community response to fire and mechanical shrub control in south Florida. J. Range Manage. 45:396-400.
FLEISCHNER, TL. 1994. Ecological costs of livestock grazing in western North America. Conserv. Biol. 8:629-644.
FRY, ME; RJ RISSER; HA STUBBS & JP LEIGHTON. 1986. Species selection for habitat-evaluation procedures. Pp. 105-108 en: J Verner; ML Morrison & CJ Ralphs (eds). Wildlife 2000. Modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. University of Wisconsin Press. Madison, EEUU.
GITAY, H & IR NOBLE. 1997. What are functional types and how should we seek them. Pp. 3-19 en: TM Smith; HH Shugart & FI Woodward (eds). Plant functional types. Their relevance to ecosystem properties and global change. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, Reino Unido.
GONNET, JM. 2001. Influence of cattle grazing on population density and species richness of granivorous birds (Emberizidae) in the arid plain of the Monte, Argentina. J. Arid Environ. 48:569-579.
GUEVARA, JC; OR EST...VEZ, CR STASI & AS MONGE. 1996. Botanical composition of the seasonal diet of cattle in the rangelands of the Monte Desert of Mendoza, Argentina. J. Range Manage. 32:387-394.
HAWKINS, CP & JA MACMAHON. 1989. Guilds: the multiple meanings of a concept. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 34:423-451.
HERKERT, JR. 1994. Breeding bird communities of midwestern prairie fragments: the effects of prescribed burning and habitat-area. Nat. Area. J. 14:128-135.
HOCKIN, D; M OUNSTED; M GORMAN; D HILL; V KELLER & MA BARKER. 1992. Examination of the effects of disturbance on birds with reference to its importance in ecological assessment. J. Environ. Manage. 36:253-286.
HOLMES, RT. 1990. Food resource availability and use in forest bird communities: a comparative view and critique. Pp. 387-393 en: A Keast (ed.). Biogeography and ecology of forest bird communities. SPB Academic Publishing bv. The Hague, PaÌses Bajos.
HOLMES, RT & HF RECHER. 1986. Determinants of guild structure in forest bird communities: an intercontinental comparison. Condor 88:427-439.
HUTTO, RL. 1985. Habitat selection by nonbreeding, migratory land birds. Pp. 455-476 en: ML Cody (ed.). Habitat selection in birds. Academic Press. Orlando, EEUU.
JAKSIC, FM. 1981. Abuse and misuse of the term "guild" in ecological studies. Oikos 37:397-400.
JOHNSON, RA. 1981. Application of the guild concept to environmental impact analysis of terrestrial vegetation. J. Environ. Manage. 13:205-222.
KREMEN, C. 1992. Assessing the indicator properties of species assemblages for natural areas monitoring. Ecol. Appl. 2:203-217.
LANDRES, PB. 1983. Use of the guild concept in environmental impact assessment. Environ. Manage. 7:393-398.
LANDRES, PB; J VERNER & JW THOMAS. 1988. Ecological uses of vertebrate indicator species: a critique. Conserv. Biol. 2:316-328.
LINDENMAYER, DB; CR MARGULES & DB BOTKIN. 2000. Indicators of biodiversity for ecologically sustainable forest management. Conserv. Biol. 14:941-950.
LOPEZ DE CASENAVE, J. 2001. Estructura gremial y organizaciÛn de un ensamble de aves del desierto del Monte. Tesis de doctorado, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
LOPEZ DE CASENAVE, J & L MARONE. 1996. Efectos de la riqueza y de la equitatividad sobre los valores de diversidad en comunidades de aves. EcologÌa 10:447-455.
MAHNER, M & M BUNGE. 1997. Foundations of biophilosophy. Springer Verlag. BerlÌn, Alemania.
MANNAN, RW; ML MORRISON & EC MESLOW. 1984. Comment: the use of guilds in forest bird management. Wildlife Soc. B. 12:426-430.
MARONE, L. 1990. Modifications of local and regional bird diversity after a fire in the Monte Desert, Argentina. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 63:187-195.
MARONE, L. 1991. Habitat features affecting bird species distribution in the Monte desert, Argentina. EcologÌa Austral 1:77-86.
MARONE, L. 1992. Seasonal and year-to-year fluctuations of bird populations and guilds in the Monte desert, Argentina. J. Field Ornithol. 63:294-308.
MARONE, L & M BUNGE. 1998. La explicación en Ecología. Boletín de la Asociación Argentina de Ecología 7:35-37.
MARONE, L; J LOPEZ DE CASENAVE & VR CUETO. 1997. Patterns of habitat selection by wintering and breeding granivorous birds in the central Monte desert, Argentina. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 70:73-81.
MEZQUIDA, ET. 2000. Ecología reproductiva de un ensamble de aves del desierto del Monte central, Argentina. Tesis de doctorado, Univ. Autónoma. Madrid, España.
MEZQUIDA, ET. 2001a. Aspects of the breeding biology of the Crested Gallito. Wilson Bull. 113:104-108.
MEZQUIDA, ET. 2001b. La reproducción de algunas especies de Dendrocolaptidae y Furnariidae en el desierto del Monte central, Argentina. Hornero 16:23-30.
MEZQUIDA, ET. 2002. Nidificación de ocho especies de Tyrannidae en la Reserva de Ñacuñán, Mendoza, Argentina. Hornero 17:31-40.
MEZQUIDA, ET & L MARONE. 2000. Breeding biology of Gray-crowned Tyrannulet in the Monte desert, Argentina. Condor 102:205-210.
MEZQUIDA, ET & L MARONE. 2001. Factors affecting nesting success of a bird assembly in the central Monte Desert, Argentina. J. Avian Biol. 32:287-296.
MONROE, BL, JR & CG SIBLEY. 1993. A world checklist of birds. Yale University Press. New Haven, EEUU.
MORRISON, ML; BG MARCOT & RW MANNAM. 1992. Wildlife-habitat relationships: concepts and applications. University of Wisconsin Press. Madison, EEUU.
ROBERTS, TH. 1987. Construction of guilds for habitats assessment. Environ. Manage. 11:473-477.
RODEWALD, PG & KG SMITH. 1998. Short-term effects of understory and overstory management on breeding birds in Arkansas oak-hickory forests. J. Wildlife Manage. 62:1411-1417.
ROIG, FA. 1980. Flora de la Reserva Ecológica de Ñacuñán. Cuaderno Técnico 3-80. Inst. Arg. de Invest. de las Zonas Áridas (CONICET). Mendoza, Argentina.
SEVERINGHAUS, WD. 1981. Guild theory development as a mechanism for assessing environmental impact. Environ. Manage. 5:187-190.
SHANKAR RAMAN, TR; GS RAWAT & AJT JOHNSINGH. 1998. Recovery of tropical rainforest avifauna in relation to vegetation succesion following shifting cultivation in Mizoram, northeastern India. J. Appl. Ecol. 35:214-231.
SHORT, HL & KP BURNHAM. 1982. Technique for structuring wildlife guilds to evaluate impacts on wildlife communities. Special Sci. Rep. Wildlife 244. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington DC, EEUU.
SIMBERLOFF, D & T DAYAN. 1991. The guild concept and the structure of ecological communities. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22:115-143.
SZARO, RC. 1986. Guild management: an evaluation of avian guilds as a predictive tool. Environ. Manage. 10:681-688.
VERNER, J. 1984. The guild concept applied to management of bird populations. Environ. Manage. 8:1-14.
WIENS, JA. 1989. The ecology of bird communities. Volume 1. Foundations and patterns. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, Reino Unido.
WILLIAMS, BK. 1997. Logic and science in wildlife biology. J. Wildlife Manage. 61:1007-1015.
WILSON, JB. 1999. Guilds, functional types and ecological groups. Oikos 86:507-522.
ZAR, JH. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. 3ra edn. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, EEUU.
BOCK, CE & JH BOCK. 1999. Response of winter birds to drought and short-duration grazing in southeast-ern Arizona. Conserv. Biol. 13:1117-1123.
BOCK, CE; VA SAAB; TD RICH & DS DOBKIN. 1993. Effects of livestock grazing on Neotropical migratory landbirds in western North America. Pp. 296-309 en: DM Finch & PW Stangel (eds). Status and management of Neotropical migratory birds. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-229. USDA Forest Service. Fort Collins, EEUU.
BOCK, CE & B WEBB. 1984. Birds as grazing indicator species in Southeastern Arizona. J. Wildlife Manage. 48:1045-1049.
BRAWN, JD; SK ROBINSON & FR THOMPSON, III. 2001. The role of disturbance in the ecology and conservation of birds. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 32:251-276.
BRUSH, T & EW STILES. 1986. Using food abundance to predict habitat use by birds. Pp. 57-63 en: J Verner; ML Morrison & CJ Ralphs (eds). Wildlife 2000. Modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. University of Wisconsin Press. Madison, EEUU.
BUNGE, M. 2000. Physicians ignore philosophy at their risk óand ours. Facta Philosophica 1:133-144.
CANFIELD, RH. 1941. Application of the line interception method in sampling range vegetation. J. Forest. 39:388-394.
CANTERBURY, GE; TE MARTIN; DR PETIT; LJ PETIT & DF BRADFORD. 2000. Bird communities and habitat as ecological indicators of forest condition in regional monitoring. Conserv. Biol. 14:544-558.
CAPURRO, HA. 1985. Ecología de las comunidades de aves granívoras en el bosque chaqueño occidental. Tesis de doctorado, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Córdoba, Argentina.
CAPURRO, HA & EH BUCHER. 1982. Poblaciones de aves granívoras y disponibilidad de semillas en el bosque chaqueño de Chamical. Ecosur 9:117-131.
CARO, TM & G O'DOHERTY. 1999. On the use of surrogate species in Conservation Biology. Conserv. Biol. 13:805-814.
CHASE, MK; WB KRISTAN, III; AJ LYNAM; MV PRICE & JT ROTENBERRY. 2000. Single species as indicators of species richness and composition in California coastal sage scrub birds and small mammals. Conserv. Biol. 14:474-487.
CHRISTENSEN, NL. 1985. Shrubland fire regimes and their evolutionary consequences. Pp. 85-100 en: STA Pickett & PS White (eds). The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press. Orlando, EEUU.
CONNELLY, JW; KP REESE; RA FISCHER & WL WAKKINEN. 2000. Response of a sagegrouse breeding population to fire in southeastern Idaho. Wildlife Soc. B. 28:90-96.
CONNER, RN & JG DICKSON. 1980. Strip transect sampling and analysis for avian habitat studies. Wildlife Soc. B. 8:4-10.
DAVIS, MA; DW PETERSON; PB REICH; M CROZIER; T QUERY ET AL. 2000. Restoring savanna using fire: impact on the breeding bird community. Restor. Ecol. 8:30-40.
DEGRAAF, RM & NL CHADWICK. 1984. Habitat classification: a comparison using avian species and guilds. Environ. Manage. 8:511-518.
EASTON, WE & K MARTIN. 1998. The effect of vegetation management on breeding bird communities in British Columbia. Ecol. Appl. 8:1092-1103.
FEINSINGER, P. 2001. Designing field studies for biodiversity conservation. The Nature Conservancy e Island Press. Washington DC, EEUU.
FITZGERALD, SM & GW TANNER. 1992. Avian community response to fire and mechanical shrub control in south Florida. J. Range Manage. 45:396-400.
FLEISCHNER, TL. 1994. Ecological costs of livestock grazing in western North America. Conserv. Biol. 8:629-644.
FRY, ME; RJ RISSER; HA STUBBS & JP LEIGHTON. 1986. Species selection for habitat-evaluation procedures. Pp. 105-108 en: J Verner; ML Morrison & CJ Ralphs (eds). Wildlife 2000. Modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. University of Wisconsin Press. Madison, EEUU.
GITAY, H & IR NOBLE. 1997. What are functional types and how should we seek them. Pp. 3-19 en: TM Smith; HH Shugart & FI Woodward (eds). Plant functional types. Their relevance to ecosystem properties and global change. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, Reino Unido.
GONNET, JM. 2001. Influence of cattle grazing on population density and species richness of granivorous birds (Emberizidae) in the arid plain of the Monte, Argentina. J. Arid Environ. 48:569-579.
GUEVARA, JC; OR EST...VEZ, CR STASI & AS MONGE. 1996. Botanical composition of the seasonal diet of cattle in the rangelands of the Monte Desert of Mendoza, Argentina. J. Range Manage. 32:387-394.
HAWKINS, CP & JA MACMAHON. 1989. Guilds: the multiple meanings of a concept. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 34:423-451.
HERKERT, JR. 1994. Breeding bird communities of midwestern prairie fragments: the effects of prescribed burning and habitat-area. Nat. Area. J. 14:128-135.
HOCKIN, D; M OUNSTED; M GORMAN; D HILL; V KELLER & MA BARKER. 1992. Examination of the effects of disturbance on birds with reference to its importance in ecological assessment. J. Environ. Manage. 36:253-286.
HOLMES, RT. 1990. Food resource availability and use in forest bird communities: a comparative view and critique. Pp. 387-393 en: A Keast (ed.). Biogeography and ecology of forest bird communities. SPB Academic Publishing bv. The Hague, PaÌses Bajos.
HOLMES, RT & HF RECHER. 1986. Determinants of guild structure in forest bird communities: an intercontinental comparison. Condor 88:427-439.
HUTTO, RL. 1985. Habitat selection by nonbreeding, migratory land birds. Pp. 455-476 en: ML Cody (ed.). Habitat selection in birds. Academic Press. Orlando, EEUU.
JAKSIC, FM. 1981. Abuse and misuse of the term "guild" in ecological studies. Oikos 37:397-400.
JOHNSON, RA. 1981. Application of the guild concept to environmental impact analysis of terrestrial vegetation. J. Environ. Manage. 13:205-222.
KREMEN, C. 1992. Assessing the indicator properties of species assemblages for natural areas monitoring. Ecol. Appl. 2:203-217.
LANDRES, PB. 1983. Use of the guild concept in environmental impact assessment. Environ. Manage. 7:393-398.
LANDRES, PB; J VERNER & JW THOMAS. 1988. Ecological uses of vertebrate indicator species: a critique. Conserv. Biol. 2:316-328.
LINDENMAYER, DB; CR MARGULES & DB BOTKIN. 2000. Indicators of biodiversity for ecologically sustainable forest management. Conserv. Biol. 14:941-950.
LOPEZ DE CASENAVE, J. 2001. Estructura gremial y organizaciÛn de un ensamble de aves del desierto del Monte. Tesis de doctorado, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
LOPEZ DE CASENAVE, J & L MARONE. 1996. Efectos de la riqueza y de la equitatividad sobre los valores de diversidad en comunidades de aves. EcologÌa 10:447-455.
MAHNER, M & M BUNGE. 1997. Foundations of biophilosophy. Springer Verlag. BerlÌn, Alemania.
MANNAN, RW; ML MORRISON & EC MESLOW. 1984. Comment: the use of guilds in forest bird management. Wildlife Soc. B. 12:426-430.
MARONE, L. 1990. Modifications of local and regional bird diversity after a fire in the Monte Desert, Argentina. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 63:187-195.
MARONE, L. 1991. Habitat features affecting bird species distribution in the Monte desert, Argentina. EcologÌa Austral 1:77-86.
MARONE, L. 1992. Seasonal and year-to-year fluctuations of bird populations and guilds in the Monte desert, Argentina. J. Field Ornithol. 63:294-308.
MARONE, L & M BUNGE. 1998. La explicación en Ecología. Boletín de la Asociación Argentina de Ecología 7:35-37.
MARONE, L; J LOPEZ DE CASENAVE & VR CUETO. 1997. Patterns of habitat selection by wintering and breeding granivorous birds in the central Monte desert, Argentina. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 70:73-81.
MEZQUIDA, ET. 2000. Ecología reproductiva de un ensamble de aves del desierto del Monte central, Argentina. Tesis de doctorado, Univ. Autónoma. Madrid, España.
MEZQUIDA, ET. 2001a. Aspects of the breeding biology of the Crested Gallito. Wilson Bull. 113:104-108.
MEZQUIDA, ET. 2001b. La reproducción de algunas especies de Dendrocolaptidae y Furnariidae en el desierto del Monte central, Argentina. Hornero 16:23-30.
MEZQUIDA, ET. 2002. Nidificación de ocho especies de Tyrannidae en la Reserva de Ñacuñán, Mendoza, Argentina. Hornero 17:31-40.
MEZQUIDA, ET & L MARONE. 2000. Breeding biology of Gray-crowned Tyrannulet in the Monte desert, Argentina. Condor 102:205-210.
MEZQUIDA, ET & L MARONE. 2001. Factors affecting nesting success of a bird assembly in the central Monte Desert, Argentina. J. Avian Biol. 32:287-296.
MONROE, BL, JR & CG SIBLEY. 1993. A world checklist of birds. Yale University Press. New Haven, EEUU.
MORRISON, ML; BG MARCOT & RW MANNAM. 1992. Wildlife-habitat relationships: concepts and applications. University of Wisconsin Press. Madison, EEUU.
ROBERTS, TH. 1987. Construction of guilds for habitats assessment. Environ. Manage. 11:473-477.
RODEWALD, PG & KG SMITH. 1998. Short-term effects of understory and overstory management on breeding birds in Arkansas oak-hickory forests. J. Wildlife Manage. 62:1411-1417.
ROIG, FA. 1980. Flora de la Reserva Ecológica de Ñacuñán. Cuaderno Técnico 3-80. Inst. Arg. de Invest. de las Zonas Áridas (CONICET). Mendoza, Argentina.
SEVERINGHAUS, WD. 1981. Guild theory development as a mechanism for assessing environmental impact. Environ. Manage. 5:187-190.
SHANKAR RAMAN, TR; GS RAWAT & AJT JOHNSINGH. 1998. Recovery of tropical rainforest avifauna in relation to vegetation succesion following shifting cultivation in Mizoram, northeastern India. J. Appl. Ecol. 35:214-231.
SHORT, HL & KP BURNHAM. 1982. Technique for structuring wildlife guilds to evaluate impacts on wildlife communities. Special Sci. Rep. Wildlife 244. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington DC, EEUU.
SIMBERLOFF, D & T DAYAN. 1991. The guild concept and the structure of ecological communities. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22:115-143.
SZARO, RC. 1986. Guild management: an evaluation of avian guilds as a predictive tool. Environ. Manage. 10:681-688.
VERNER, J. 1984. The guild concept applied to management of bird populations. Environ. Manage. 8:1-14.
WIENS, JA. 1989. The ecology of bird communities. Volume 1. Foundations and patterns. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, Reino Unido.
WILLIAMS, BK. 1997. Logic and science in wildlife biology. J. Wildlife Manage. 61:1007-1015.
WILSON, JB. 1999. Guilds, functional types and ecological groups. Oikos 86:507-522.
ZAR, JH. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. 3ra edn. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, EEUU.
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2002-12-01
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Milesi, F. A., Marone, L., Lopez De Casenave, J., Cueto, V. R., & Mezquida, E. T. (2002). Gremios de manejo como indicadores de las condiciones del ambiente: un estudio de caso con aves y perturbaciones del hábitat en el Monte central, Argentina. Ecología Austral, 12(2), 149–161. Recuperado a partir de https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1554
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