Riesgos y oportunidades asociados a la conservación de los polinizadores y a la gestión de los servicios de polinización en América Latina
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.22.32.1.0.1790Palabras clave:
biodiversidad, políticas ambientales, déficit de polinización, disminución de polinizadores, servicios de polinización, conocimiento local tradicionalResumen
Se realizó una revisión sobre el estado de conservación de los polinizadores y la polinización en América Latina (LA). Se presentan pautas para mejorar las oportunidades de conservación, considerando las amenazas a los polinizadores y las perspectivas desde el conocimiento tradicional y local. El análisis indica que diversas amenazas (e.g., agricultura a gran escala, deforestación, uso excesivo de agroquímicos) están vinculadas con la disminución de polinizadores, afectando la reproducción de las plantas nativas y los rendimientos de muchos cultivos. LA alberga la mayor diversidad de abejas en todo el mundo y una gran diversidad de polinizadores vertebrados (e.g., colibríes, aves de percha nectarívoras, murciélagos nectarívoros y otros mamíferos). Se proporcionan recomendaciones para proteger los polinizadores nativos y mejorar los servicios de polinización, las que podrían ser consideradas por los tomadores de decisiones y así promover la conservación biocultural. Por ejemplo, desarrollar instrumentos legales, políticas e incentivos para ayudar a los agricultores a mantener los hábitats naturales, para reemplazar o reducir el uso de agroquímicos y para promover las prácticas agroecológicas; perfeccionar las reglamentaciones sobre aplicación de agroquímicos para minimizar la exposición de los polinizadores a insecticidas y herbicidas; mejorar la comunicación pública del conocimiento sobre los polinizadores y la polinización para incentivar un cambio en las prácticas agrícolas hegemónicas y los patrones de consumo actuales; considerar otras éticas ambientales de las minorías étnicas para enfatizar la necesidad de promover una relación sostenible entre producción de alimentos y biodiversidad. Se necesita urgentemente una visión más amplia que combine las dimensiones sociales, ecológicas y culturales para una mejor toma de decisiones. Esta perspectiva socio-agroecológica holística es importante para conservar y gestionar los polinizadores a diferentes escalas espaciales y temporales, y para poder integrar los servicios de polinización con enfoques de gestión del territorio favorables a los polinizadores y con sistemas agrícolas diversificados.
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