Herbivoría y sequía en el Monte: Factores de estrés que afectan el crecimiento y el ataque de insectos en hojas y semillas de una especie forrajera
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.23.33.1.0.1929Palabras clave:
ambientes áridos, herbivoría, sequía, Atriplex, carga ganadera, pequeños herbívoros, arbustosResumen
Además de estrés por sequía, las plantas de climas áridos suelen sufrir herbivoría por grandes mamíferos. Esto puede repercutir en su fitness, por lo que a menudo despliegan respuestas o defensas para contrarrestar este efecto, desarrollando mecanismos de tolerancia y resistencia. En este trabajo investigamos cómo la sequía y la herbivoría afectan el crecimiento de plántulas de Atriplex lampa, una especie forrajera del Monte Patagónico. En invernadero evaluamos si el estrés por herbivoría simulada afecta la presencia de pulgones en esta especie; a campo estudiamos si la herbivoría por grandes mamíferos afecta la granivoría por insectos. Encontramos que la sequía no afectó el crecimiento de la especie, sugiriendo que A. lampa posee mecanismos de tolerancia y adaptación a este tipo de estrés, mientras que la herbivoría redujo su crecimiento. Además, hallamos que un aumento en el estrés sufrido por las plántulas y —en menor grado— por sus parentales (origen de la semilla) se relaciona con una menor presencia de pulgones en las plántulas cultivadas en invernadero. Sin embargo, a campo observamos que a mayor carga ganadera, mayor granivoría por insectos. Los resultados del experimento en invernadero sugieren que A. lampa desarrolla algún tipo de defensa o que el estrés por la sequía y la herbivoría simulada disminuyen la atracción por pulgones. Los resultados a campo sugieren que esta especie no genera defensas o que estas se encuentran principalmente en tallos y hojas, y no en frutos. Nuestros resultados evidencian que A. lampa ha desarrollado estrategias de tolerancia a la sequía, pero es vulnerable a la herbivoría. Estos factores de estrés podrían estar ejerciendo presiones de selección sobre A. lampa que afectan procesos evolutivos y ecológicos, y, en consecuencia, a sus servicios ecosistémicos como especie forrajera clave en la región del Monte.
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