Ser o no ser tolerante a la sombra: economía de agua y carbono en especies arbóreas del Bosque Atlántico (Misiones, Argentina)
Palabras clave:
arquitectura hidráulica, densidad de madera, eficiencia en el transporte de agua, tasa de asimilación de carbono, tasa de crecimientoResumen
La radiación solar es el factor más importante que limita el crecimiento de las plantas en los bosques tropicales y subtropicales húmedos. En función de esto, las especies de árboles se clasificaron históricamente en dos grupos funcionales sobre la base de sus requerimientos de germinación, establecimiento y crecimiento. Mientras que las especies más tolerantes a la sombra pueden germinar, crecer y establecerse en sitios con niveles bajos de radiación, las especies de sol necesitan niveles altos para su desarrollo. Sin embargo, dentro de los bosques existen variaciones espacio-temporales en la disponibilidad de luz y la mayoría de las especies tienen comportamientos ecofisiológicos intermedios entre las dos categorías extremas. En este trabajo analizamos adaptaciones relacionadas con la economía de agua y carbono (tales como la densidad de la madera, la eficiencia en el transporte de agua y la capacidad fotosintética) de especies arbóreas del Bosque Atlántico, bajo la hipótesis de que las presiones selectivas han moldeado características especie-específicas que les permiten optimizar la captura de la radiación solar y coordinarla con el transporte de agua hasta las hojas. Presentamos evidencia que indica que la densidad de la madera es una característica que permite predecir el comportamiento de las especies arbóreas, en relación a las tasas de crecimiento y características relacionadas con el transporte y regulación del uso del agua. Las especies menos tolerantes a la sombra tienen densidad de madera baja y una eficiencia alta en el transporte de agua. En ambientes con alta radiación y demanda evaporativa, las plantas que tienen una baja densidad de madera y una eficiencia alta en el transporte de agua desde el suelo hasta las hojas pueden mantener niveles altos de potencial hídrico foliares (menores déficits hídricos), una mayor conductancia estomática y, consecuentemente, una mayor tasa de asimilación de carbono y crecimiento. Los cambios drásticos en la radiación solar por la apertura de un claro pueden imponer también cambios muy grandes en las condiciones de crecimiento de la plantas. El desarrollo de los individuos en las nuevas condiciones depende de su plasticidad fenotípica, la cual puede variar ampliamente entre las distintas especies. Los individuos juveniles de especies menos tolerantes a la sombra pueden responder rápidamente a los cambios en los niveles de radiación aclimatando su fisiología y morfología para mantener tasas de crecimiento mayores que las de especies más tolerantes.
Citas
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COCHARD, H; M PEIFFER; K LEGALL & A GRANIER. 1997. Developmental control of xylem hydraulic resistances and vulnerability to embolism in Fraxinnus excelsior: impacts on water relations. J. Exp. Bot. 308:655-663.
COCHARD, H; D LEMOINE & E DREYER. 1999. The effects of acclimation to sunlight on the xylem vulnerability to embolism in Fagus sylvatica L. Plant Cell Environ. 22:101-108.
COCHARD, H; P CRUIZIAT & MT TYREE. 1992. Use of positive pressures to establish vulnerability curves: further support for the air-seeding hypothesis and implications for pressure-volume analysis. Plant Physiol. 100:205-209.
DENSLOW, JS & GS HARTSHORN. 1994. Tree-fall gap environments and forest dynamic processes. Pp. 120-127 en: McDade, LA (ed.). La Selva: ecology and natural history of a neotropical rain forest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. USA.
DENSLOW, JS. 1987. Tropical rainforest gaps and tree species diversity. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Sys. 18:431-451.
DOMEC, JC & BL GARTNER. 2001. Cavitation and water storage capacity in bole xylem segments of mature and young Douglas-fir trees. Trees 15: 204-214.
ENQUIST, BJ; GB WEST & JH BROWN.1999. Quarter- power allometric scaling in vascular plants: functional basis and ecological consequences. Pp. 167-199 en: Brown, JH & GB West (eds.). Scaling in Biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
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GATTI, MG; P CAMPANELLO & G GOLDSTEIN. 2008. Frost resistance in the tropical palm Euterpe edulis and its pattern of distribution in the Atlantic Forest of Argentina. For. Ecol. Manage. 256:633-640.
GIVNISH, TJ. 1988. Adaptationto sun and shade, a whole plant perspective. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 15:63-92.
GOLDSTEIN, G; FC MEINZER & JL ANDRADE. 2002. El flujo de agua en los árboles del dosel. Pp. 692 en: Guariguata, MR & GH Kattan (eds.). Ecología y Conservación de Bosques Neotropicales. Libro Universitario Regional, Costa Rica.
GRUBB, PJ. 1977. The maintenance of species- richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche. Biol. Rev. 52:107-145.
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2011-12-01
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Campanell, P. I., Gatti, M. G., Montti, . L., Villagra, M., & Goldstein, G. (2011). Ser o no ser tolerante a la sombra: economía de agua y carbono en especies arbóreas del Bosque Atlántico (Misiones, Argentina). Ecología Austral, 21(3), 285–300. Recuperado a partir de https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1273
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Derechos de autor 2011 Paula I. Campanell, M. Genoveva Gatti, Lia Montti, Mariana Villagra, Guillermo Goldstein
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