To be or not to be shade tolerant: water and carbon economy in tree species of the Atlantic Forest (Misiones, Argentina)
Keywords:
hydraulic architecture, wood density, water transport efficiency, carbon assimilation rate, growth rateAbstract
In tropical and subtropical moist forests the most important factor limiting plant growth is solar radiation. On this basis, tree species had traditionally been classified into two functional groups based on their requirements for germination, establishment and growth. While shade-tolerant species germinate, grow and establish in places with low solar radiation, intolerant species require high irradiances for development. However, spatio-temporal variations in solar radiation exist within forests and most species show intermediate characteristics between the two extreme categories, forming a continuous gradient of ecophysiological responses. In this work we analyze the adaptations related to water and carbon economy (e.g., wood density, water transport efficiency and photosynthetic capacity) of Atlantic Forest tree species with the assumptions that evolutionary pressures have selected species-specific characteristics which enable them to optimize and coordinate the capture of solar radiation with the water transport to the leaves. We show that wood density is a trait that can be used to predict the behavior of tree species in relation to growth rates and properties related to transport efficiency and water use. Less shade-tolerant species have low wood density and high efficiency in water transport from soil to leaves. In environments with high solar radiation and evaporative demand, plants that have a low wood density and high water transport efficiency from the soil to the leaves can maintain high levels of leaf water potential (and experience less water deficit), increased stomatal conductance and, consequently, a higher rate of assimilation and growth. Drastic changes in solar radiation produced by a gap opening in the forest can also impose drastic environmental changes for plant growth. The development of the individuals in the new conditions depends on its phenotypic plasticity, which can vary widely among different species. Saplings of less tolerant species can respond quickly to changes in solar radiation acclimating their physiology and morphology resulting in higher growth rates than saplings of tolerant species.
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DOMEC, JC & BL GARTNER. 2001. Cavitation and water storage capacity in bole xylem segments of mature and young Douglas-fir trees. Trees 15: 204-214.
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GATTI, MG; P CAMPANELLO & G GOLDSTEIN. 2008. Frost resistance in the tropical palm Euterpe edulis and its pattern of distribution in the Atlantic Forest of Argentina. For. Ecol. Manage. 256:633-640.
GIVNISH, TJ. 1988. Adaptationto sun and shade, a whole plant perspective. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 15:63-92.
GOLDSTEIN, G; FC MEINZER & JL ANDRADE. 2002. El flujo de agua en los árboles del dosel. Pp. 692 en: Guariguata, MR & GH Kattan (eds.). Ecología y Conservación de Bosques Neotropicales. Libro Universitario Regional, Costa Rica.
GRUBB, PJ. 1977. The maintenance of species- richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche. Biol. Rev. 52:107-145.
HACKE, UG; JS SPERRY; JK WHEELER & L CASTRO. 2006. Scaling of angiosperm xylem structure with safety and efficiency. Tree Physiol. 26:689-701.
HACKE, UW & JS SPERRY. 2001. Functional and ecological xylem anatomy. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 4(2): 97-115.
HACKE, UW; JS SPERRY; WT POCKMAN, SD DAVIS & K MCCULLOH. 2001. Trends in wood density and structure are linked to prevention of xylem implosion by negative pressure. Oecologia 126:457-461.
HARMS, KE; SJ WRIGHT; O CALDERÓN; A HERNÁNDEZ & EA HERRE. 2000. Pervasive density-dependent recruitment enhances seedling diversity in a tropical forest. Nature 404:493-495.
HOLL, KD & M KAPPELLE. 1999. Tropical forest recovery and restoration. Trends Ecol. Evol. 14:378-379.
HUBBELL, SP; RB FOSTER; ST O’BRIEN; KE HARMS; R CONDIT; ET AL. 1999. Light-gap disturbances, recruitment limitation, and tree diversity in a neotropical forest. Science 283:554-557.
JONES, TJ; CD LUTON; LS SANTIAGO & G GOLDSTEIN. 2010. Hydraulic constraints on photosynthesis in subtropical evergreen broad leaf forest and pine woodland trees of the Florida Everglades. Trees 24:471-478.
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2011-12-01
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Campanell, P. I., Gatti, M. G., Montti, . L., Villagra, M., & Goldstein, G. (2011). To be or not to be shade tolerant: water and carbon economy in tree species of the Atlantic Forest (Misiones, Argentina). Ecología Austral, 21(3), 285–300. Retrieved from https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1273
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Copyright (c) 2011 Paula I. Campanell, M. Genoveva Gatti, Lia Montti, Mariana Villagra, Guillermo Goldstein
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