Introducción de abejorros (Bombus) no nativos: causas, consecuencias ecológicas y perspectivas
Palabras clave:
cría comercial de abejorros, hibridación, desplazamiento competitivo, especies exóticas, invasiones biológicas, patógenos, polinización de cultivosResumen
La invasión de polinizadores no nativos puede afectar considerablemente a los polinizadores nativos y a las plantas, nativas e introducidas. En este trabajo analizo las causas de la introducción de abejorros (Bombus) polinizadores, los factores que favorecen su invasión y la distribución de las especies introducidas; reviso los estudios sobre sus impactos ecológicos; las limitaciones y de los principales vacíos de conocimiento. Existen cinco especies de abejorros establecidas fuera de sus áreas de distribución natural, producto de la liberación intencional y del comercio de colonias. Los abejorros introducidos son altamente polilécticos, pueden alcanzar altas abundancias en las áreas invadidas y, en algunos casos, dominar las comunidades antófilas. En general, adquieren recursos de manera más eficiente que las especies nativas y, a pesar de un sustancial solapamiento en el uso de flores, se excluyen mutuamente tanto espacial como temporalmente, lo que sugiere una potencial competencia con especies nativas, aún no documentada experimentalmente. La introducción de abejorros podría favorecer la introducción y transmisión de patógenos. Son polinizadores menos eficientes de algunas plantas nativas que sus congéneres nativos. En general, prefieren especies de plantas no nativas lo que contribuye sustancialmente a la polinización de importantes malezas, si bien su efecto sobre la capacidad de invasión de las mismas no ha sido evaluado. Algunas especies de abejorros no nativos pueden cruzarse con congéneres nativos en condiciones experimentales, si bien no se han documentado hibridaciones en la naturaleza. La evidencia del impacto de abejorros introducidos sobre ecosistemas nativos es escasa, fragmentada y preliminar. No obstante, sugiere que la aplicación del principio precautorio al momento de analizar la viabilidad de futuras introducciones sería altamente recomendable.
Citas
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CHAPMAN, RE & AFG BOURKE. 2001. The influence of sociality on the conservation biology of social insects. Ecology Letters, 4: 650-662.
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HINGSTON, AB & PB MCQUILLAN. 1998: Nectar robbing in Epacris impressa (Epacridaceae) by the recently introduced bumblebee Bombus terrestris (Apidae) in Tasmania. The Vict. Nat., 115: 116-119.
HINGSTON, AB & PB MCQUILLAN. 1999. Displacement of Tasmanian native Megachilid bees by the recently introduced bumblebee Bombus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidea). Austral Journal Zoology, 47: 59–65.
INARI, N; T NAGAMITSU; T KENTA; K GOKA & T HIURA. 2005. Spatial and temporal pattern of introduced Bombus terrestris abundance in Hokkaido, Japan, and its potential impact on native bumblebees. Population Ecology, 47: 77–82.
INGS, TC; SCHIKORA J & L CHITTKA. 2005. Bumblebees, humble pollinators or assiduous invaders? A population comparison of foraging performance in Bombus terrestris. Oecologia, 144: 508-516.
INGS, TC, NL WARD & L CHITTKA. 2006. Can commercially imported bumble bees out-compete their native conspecifics? Journal of Applied Ecology, 43: 940-948.
KENTA, T; N INARI, T NAGAMITSU; K GOKA & T HIURA. 2007. Commercialized European bumblebee can cause pollination disturbance: An experiment on seven native plant species in Japan. Biological Conservation, 134: 298-309.
KLEIN, AM; BE VAISSIERE; JH CANE; I STEFFAN- DEWENTER; SA CUNNINGHAM; C KREMEN & T TSCHARNTKE. 2007. Importance of pollinators in changing andscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 274, 303-313.
KREMEN, C & T RICKETTS. 2000. Global perspectives on pollination disruptions. Conservation Biology, 14: 1226-1228.
KREMEN, C; NM WILLIAMS & RW THORP. 2004a. Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 99: 16812-16816.
KREMEN, C; NM WILLIAMS; RL BUGG; JP FAY & RW THORP. 2004b. The area requirements of an ecosystem service: crop pollination by native bee communities in California. Ecology Letters, 7: 1109-1119.
KRAUSS, G. 1993. Preference of Varroa jacobsoni for honey bees (Apis mellifera) of different ages. Journal of Apicultural Research, 32: 57-64.
MALOOF, JE. 2001: The effects of a bumblebee nectar robber on plant reproductive success and pollinator behavior. Amer. J. Bot., 88: 1960-1965.
MALOOF, JE & DW INOUYE. 2000. Are nectar robber cheaters or mutualists? Ecology, 81: 2561-2661.
MACFARLANE, RP & L GURR. 1995. Distribution of bumblebees in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist, 18: 29–36.
MADJIDIAN, J. 2005. Impact of a potential replacement of the native bumblebee Bombus dahlbomii by the invasive Bombus ruderatus on the pollination of the native herb Alstroemeria aurea in Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Tesis de Maestría, Universidad de Lund, Suecia.
MALOOF, JE & DW INOUYE. 2000. Are nectar robber cheaters or mutualists? Ecology, 81: 2561-2661.
MARTIN, SJ. 2001. The role of Varroa and viral pathogens in the collapse of honey bee colonies: A modeling approach. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38: 1082-1093.
MEMMOTT, J; PG CRAZE; HM HARMAN; P SYRETT & SV FOWLER. 2005. The effect of propagule size on the invasion of an alien insect. Journal of Animal Ecology, 74: 50-62.
MOLLER, H. 1996. Lessons for invasion theory from social insects. Biol. Conserv., 78: 125-142.
MORALES, CL. 2006. Alteración del hábitat e interacciones entre especies nativas y exóticas a través de la polinización en Bosques Templados de Sudamérica Austral. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina.
MORALES, CL & MA AIZEN. 2002. Does the invasion of alien plants promote invasion of alien flower visitors? A case study from the temperate forests of southern Andes. Biological Invasions, 4: 87–100.
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2007-06-01
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Morales, C. L. (2007). Introducción de abejorros (Bombus) no nativos: causas, consecuencias ecológicas y perspectivas. Ecología Austral, 17(1), 051–065. Recuperado a partir de https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1422
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