Las marismas del sudoeste atlántico como sistemas modelo en ecología de comunidades y ecosistemas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.22.32.2.1.1882Palabras clave:
reguladores de la estructura de comunidades, teoría ecológica, funciones ecosistémicasResumen
El uso de ciertas especies como sistemas modelo es común en algunas ramas de la biología (e.g., fisiología, biología molecular, genética). De manera similar, existen ecosistemas muy usados como modelo en ecología. Las marismas, por ejemplo, son sistemas relativamente simples, lo que los hace ideales para realizar experimentos manipulativos de campo. Por ello, son muy utilizadas para entender los determinantes de la estructura y el funcionamiento de comunidades y ecosistemas. Históricamente, la influencia de trabajos realizados en marismas tuvo gran impacto sobre el desarrollo de la ecología de comunidades como disciplina. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de los trabajos que dieron lugar a teorías y modelos generales provienen de unos pocos lugares, por lo que muchas veces, al querer ponerlos a prueba en otros sitios geográficos, los resultados obtenidos parecen no ajustarse a las predicciones. En este artículo hacemos una revisión de algunos trabajos, realizados en las marismas del sudoeste Atlántico durante más de 25 años, que ayudaron no sólo a que entendamos mejor el funcionamiento de las marismas en sí, sino también a extender el conocimiento más allá de estos sistemas en particular. En esta revisión mostramos cómo los resultados obtenidos en las marismas del SO Atlántico contribuyeron al entendimiento de 1) los efectos aislados e interactivos de factores bióticos y abióticos sobre la distribución de especies y hasta la estabilidad de los ecosistemas, 2) el rol integral de especies que pueden actuar simultáneamente como ingenieras y como consumidoras, 3) el balance entre procesos neutrales y determinísticos como reguladores de la estructura comunitaria, y 4) la regulación de los flujos entre ecosistemas. Sin embargo, estas marismas tienen mucho más para ofrecer, no sólo como modelos conceptuales que ayudan a calmar nuestra curiosidad intelectual, sino como ecosistemas clave en la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos.
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