Dinámica estacional de la comunidad de aves en parques urbanos y cementerios de Buenos Aires, Argentina

M. Lucía Bocelli; Federico Morelli; Yanina Benedetti; Lucas M. Leveau

doi:10.25260/EA.23.33.2.0.2019

Autores/as

M. Lucía Bocelli Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA). Buenos Aires, Argentina
Federico Morelli Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Community Ecology and Conservation. Prague, Czech Republic
Yanina Benedetti Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Community Ecology and Conservation. Prague, Czech Republic
Lucas M. Leveau Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA). Buenos Aires, Argentina

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.23.33.2.0.2019

Palabras clave:

diversidad, estacionalidad, urbanización

Resumen

Los espacios verdes urbanos cumplen un rol fundamental para la conservación de aves en ciudades. Aunque el rol de los parques urbanos para conservar la diversidad de aves ha sido analizado a escala global, el análisis del rol de los cementerios ha sido más escaso. El objetivo del trabajo fue describir y comparar la dinámica estacional de diferentes componentes de diversidad taxonómica y composición de aves en cementerios y parques urbanos de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Las aves fueron muestreadas en puntos de conteo de 100 m de radio, ubicados en tres parques y tres cementerios de la ciudad, utilizándose curvas de rarefacción para determinar su diversidad taxonómica durante las estaciones reproductivas y no reproductivas. En general, la diversidad de aves (medida como la riqueza de especies y el índice de diversidad de Shannon y de Simpson) fue mayor en cementerios que en parques y durante la época reproductiva, mostrando mayor variación estacional de la diversidad en los primeros. La composición de aves varió entre estaciones, siendo Zenaida auriculata la especie más común durante la época reproductiva y Myiopsitta monachus la más abundante durante la época no reproductiva. Sin embargo, las especies más comunes y abundantes dentro de la comunidad, fueron similares en parques y cementerios. Estos resultados indican que la diversidad taxonómica de especies de aves en áreas verdes de Buenos Aires varía estacionalmente y que aumenta, en particular, en cementerios durante la época reproductiva. Por lo tanto, los cementerios serían de gran importancia para la conservación de aves, ya que agregan heterogeneidad al paisaje urbano, brindando una mayor diversidad de hábitats capaces de albergar un número más elevado de especies. A su vez, el hecho de que las comunidades de aves cambien según la temporada sugiere que los cementerios urbanos ayudan a mantener las dinámicas estacionales propias de la región.

Citas

Alvey, A. A. 2006. Promoting and preserving biodiversity in the urban forest. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 5(4):195-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2006.09.003.

Aronson, M. F., F. A. La Sorte, C. H. Nilon, M. Katti, M. A. Goddard, C. A. Lepczyk, and M. Winter. 2014. A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281(1780):20133330. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3330.

Barrett, G. W., and T. L. Barrett. 2001. Cemeteries as repositories of natural and cultural diversity. Conservation Biology 15(6):1820-1824. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.00410.x.

Beninde, J., M. Veith, and A. Hochkirch. 2015. Biodiversity in cities needs space: a meta‐analysis of factors determining intra‐urban biodiversity variation. Ecology Letters 18(6):581-592. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12427.

Bibby, C. J., N. D. Burgess, D. M. Hillis, D. A. Hill, and S. Mustoe. 2000. Bird census techniques. Elsevier.

Bocelli, M. L. 2021. Comunidades de aves en parques urbanos y cementerios de Buenos Aires: dinámica estacional y distancia de iniciación de vuelo. Tesis de licenciatura inédita. Universidad de Buenos Aires.

Bonier, F., P. R. Martin, and J. C. Wingfield. 2007. Urban birds have broader environmental tolerance. Biology Letters 3(6):670-673. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0349.

Callaghan, C. T., G. Bino, R. E. Major, J. M. Martin, M. B. Lyons, and R. T. Kingsford. 2019a. Heterogeneous urban green areas are bird diversity hotspots: insights using continental-scale citizen science data. Landscape Ecology 34(6):1231-1246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00851-6.

Callaghan, C. T., R. E. Major, J. H. Wilshire, J. M. Martin, R. T. Kingsford, and W. K. Cornwell. 2019b. Generalists are the most urban‐tolerant of birds: A phylogenetically controlled analysis of ecological and life history traits using a novel continuous measure of bird responses to urbanization. Oikos 128(6):845-858. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.06158.

Chace, J. F., and J. J. Walsh. 2006. Urban effects on native avifauna: a review. Landscape and Urban Planning 74(1):46-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.08.007.

Chao, A., N. J. Gotelli, T. C. Hsieh, E. L. Sander, K. H. Ma, R. K. Colwell, and A. M. Ellison. 2014. Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies. Ecological Monographs 84(1):45-67. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0133.1.

Ciach, M., A. and Fröhlich. 2017. Habitat type, food resources, noise and light pollution explain the species composition, abundance and stability of a winter bird assemblage in an urban environment. Urban Ecosystems 20(3):547-559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-016-0613-6.

Concepción, E. D., M. Moretti, F. Altermatt, M. P. Nobis, and M. K. Obrist. 2015. Impacts of urbanisation on biodiversity: the role of species mobility, degree of specialisation and spatial scale. Oikos, 124(12), 1571-1582. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.02166

Cueto, V. R., and Lopez de Casenave, J. 2000. Seasonal changes in bird assemblages of coastal woodlands in east-central Argentina. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 35(3):173-177. https://doi.org/10.1076/snfe.35.3.173.8859.

Curzel, F. E., and L. M. Leveau. 2021. Bird Taxonomic and Functional Diversity in Three Habitats in Buenos Aires City, Argentina. Birds 2(2):217-229. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds2020016.

Davies, R. G., O. Barbosa, R. A. Fuller, J. Tratalos, N. Burke, D. Lewis, and K. J. Gaston. 2008. City-wide relationships between green spaces, urban land use and topography. Urban Ecosystems 11(3):269-287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-008-0062-y.

De la Peña, M. R. 2013. Nidos y reproducción de las aves argentinas. Serie Naturaleza, Conservación y Sociedad 8.

Dearborn, D. C., and S. Kark. 2010. Motivations for conserving urban biodiversity. Conservation Biology 24(2):432-440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01328.x.

Devictor, V., R. Julliard, D. Couvet, A. Lee, and F. Jiguet. 2007. Functional homogenization effect of urbanization on bird communities. Conservation Biology 21(3):741-751. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00671.x.

Fernández-Juricic, E. 2001. Avian spatial segregation at edges and interiors of urban parks in Madrid, Spain. Biodiversity and Conservation 10(8):1303-1316. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016614625675.

Eraud, C., J. M. Boutin, D. Roux, and B. Faivre. 2007. Spatial dynamics of an invasive bird species assessed using robust design occupancy analysis: the case of the Eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) in France. Journal of Biogeography 34(6):1077-1086. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01673.x.

Fuller, R. A., P. H. Warren, P. R. Armsworth, O. Barbosa, and K. J. Gaston. 2008. Garden bird feeding predicts the structure of urban avian assemblages. Diversity and Distributions 14(1):131-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00439.x.

Gil, D., and H. Brumm (eds.). 2014. Avian urban ecology. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199661572.001.0001.

Haag, L. M., A. Jáuregui, E. González, M. A. Colombo, and L. N. Segura. 2020. Efecto de la alteración del hábitat en la comunidad de aves de la localidad balnearia de Cariló, Argentina. El Hornero 35(1):36-46. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v35i1.456.

Hildén, O. 1965. Habitat selection in birds: a review. Annales Zoologici Fennici 2(1):53-75.

Hsieh, T. C., K. H. Ma, and A. Chao. 2016. iNEXT: an R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill numbers). Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7(12):1451-1456. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12613.

Hutto, R. L. 1985. Habitat selection by nonbreeding, migratory land. Pp. 455-476 en M. L. Cody (ed.). Habitat Selection in Birds. Academic Press.

Ibáñez‐Álamo, J. D., E. Rubio, Y. Benedetti, and F. Morelli. 2017. Global loss of avian evolutionary uniqueness in urban areas. Global Change Biology 23(8):2990-2998. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13567.

Ives, C. D., P. E. Lentini, C. G. Threlfall, K. Ikin, D. F. Shanahan, G. E. Garrard, and R. Rowe. 2016. Cities are hotspots for threatened species. Global Ecology and Biogeography 25(1):117-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12404.

Jost, L. 2006. Entropy and diversity. Oikos 113(2):363-375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14714.x.

Kowarik, I. 2011. Novel urban ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation. Environmental pollution, 159(8-9):1974-1983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.022.

La Sorte, F. A., M. W. Tingley, and A. H. Hurlbert. 2014. The role of urban and agricultural areas during avian migration: an assessment of within‐year temporal turnover. Global Ecology and Biogeography 23(11):1225-1234. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12199.

La Sorte, F. A., M. F. Aronson, C. A. Lepczyk, and K. G. Horton. 2020. Area is the primary correlate of annual and seasonal patterns of avian species richness in urban green spaces. Landscape and Urban Planning 203:103892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103892.

Lepczyk, C. A., F. A. La Sorte, M. F. Aronson, M. A. Goddard, I. MacGregor-Fors, C. H. Nilon, and P. S. Warren. 2017. Global patterns and drivers of urban bird diversity. Pp. 13-33 en Ecology and conservation of birds in urban environments. Springer, Cham.

Leveau, L. M. 2013. Relaciones aves-hábitat en el sector suburbano de Mar del Plata, Argentina. Ornitología Neotropical 24:201-212.

Leveau, L. M. 2018. Urbanization, environmental stabilization and temporal persistence of bird species: a view from Latin America. PeerJ 6:e6056. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6056.

Leveau, L. M., and C. M. Leveau. 2011. Uso de bordes de cultivo por aves durante invierno y primavera en la pampa austral. El Hornero 26(2):149-157. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v26i2.685.

Leveau, L. M., F. I. Isla, and M. I. Bellocq. 2015. Urbanization and the temporal homogenization of bird communities: a case study in central Argentina. Urban Ecosystems 18(4):1461-1476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-015-0469-1.

Leveau, L. M., and C. M. Leveau. 2016. Does urbanization affect the seasonal dynamics of bird communities in urban parks? Urban Ecosystems 19(2):631-647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-016-0525-5.

Leveau, L. M., and C. M. Leveau. 2019. Street design in suburban areas and its impact on bird communities: Considering different diversity facets over the year. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 48:126578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126578.

Leveau, L. M. 2021. Big cities with small green areas hold a lower species richness and proportion of migrant birds: A global analysis. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 57:126953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126953.

Leveau, L. M., J. Jokimäki, and M. L. Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. 2021. Urbanization buffers seasonal change in composition of bird communities: A multi-continental meta-analysis. Journal of Biogeography 48(10):2391-2401. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14236.

Leveau, L. M., M. L. Bocelli, S. G. Quesada-Acuña, C. González-Lagos, P. G. Tapia, G. E. Dri, et al. 2022. Bird diversity-environment relationships in urban parks and cemeteries of the Neotropics during breeding and non-breeding seasons. PeerJ 10:e14496.

Löki, V., B. Deák, A. B. Lukács, and A. Molnár. 2019. Biodiversity potential of burial places-a review on the flora and fauna of cemeteries and churchyards. Global Ecology and Conservation 18:e00614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00614.

Lussenhop, J. 1977. Urban cemeteries as bird refuges. The Condor 79(4):456-461. https://doi.org/10.2307/1367725.

MacGregor-Fors, I., and M. E. Payton. 2013. Contrasting diversity values: statistical inferences based on overlapping confidence intervals. PLoS ONE 8(2):e56794. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056794.

Martine, G. 2007. State of the world population: unleashing the potential of urban growth. United Nations Population Fund.

McKinney, M. L. 2008. Effects of urbanization on species richness: a review of plants and animals. Urban Ecosystems 11(2):161-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-007-0045-4.

Morelli, F., Y. Benedetti, J. D. Ibáñez‐Álamo, J. Jokimäki, R. Mänd, P. Tryjanowski, and A. P. Møller. 2016. Evidence of evolutionary homogenization of bird communities in urban environments across Europe. Global Ecology and Biogeography 25(11):1284-1293. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12486.

Morelli, F., P. Mikula, Y. Benedetti, R. Bussière, and P. Tryjanowski. 2018a. Cemeteries support avian diversity likewise urban parks in European cities: Assessing taxonomic, evolutionary and functional diversity. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 36:90-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.10.011.

Morelli, F., P. Mikula, Y. Benedetti, R. Bussière, L. Jerzak, and P. Tryjanowski. 2018b. Escape behaviour of birds in urban parks and cemeteries across Europe: Evidence of behavioural adaptation to human activity. Science of the Total Environment 631:803-810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.118.

Murgui, E. 2007. Effects of seasonality on the species-area relationship: a case study with birds in urban parks. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16(3):319-329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2006.00304.x.

Nielsen, A. B., M. Van Den Bosch, S. Maruthaveeran, and C. K. van den Bosch. 2014. Species richness in urban parks and its drivers: a review of empirical evidence. Urban Ecosystems 17(1):305-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-013-0316-1.

Palacio, F. X., and D. Montalti. 2013. Seasonal variation and effect of non-native invasive vegetation on two bird communities in northeast of Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Ornitología Neotropical 24:157-168.

Pearman, M., and J. I. Areta. 2020. Field Guide to the birds of Argentina and the Southwest Atlantic. Bloomsbury Publishing.

R Development Core Team 2017. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.

Ralph, C. J., S. Droege, and J. R. Sauer, J. R. 1995. Managing and monitoring birds using point counts: standards and applications. Pp. 161-168, 149 en C. J. Ralph, J. R. Sauer and S. Droege (eds.). Monitoring bird populations by point counts. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-149. Albany, CA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. https://doi.org/10.2737/PSW-GTR-149.

Sagario, M. C., and V. R. Cueto. 2014. Seasonal space use and territory size of resident sparrows in the central Monte Desert, Argentina. Ardeola 61(1):153-159. https://doi.org/10.13157/arla.61.1.2014.153.

Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. s.f. Estadísticas de largo plazo. URL: smn.gob.ar/estadisticas.

Shannon, C. E. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal 27(3):379-423. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x.

Shwartz, A., A. Muratet, L. Simon, and R. Julliard. 2013. Local and management variables outweigh landscape effects in enhancing the diversity of different taxa in a big metropolis. Biological Conservation 157:285-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.09.009.

Shochat, E., P. S. Warren, S. H. Faeth, N. E. McIntyre, and D. Hope. 2006. From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21(4):186-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.11.019.

Simpson, E. H. 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature 163(4148):688-688. https://doi.org/10.1038/163688a0.

Schütz, C., and C. H. Schulze. 2015. Functional diversity of urban bird communities: effects of landscape composition, green space area and vegetation cover. Ecology and Evolution 5(22):5230-5239. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1778.

Tryjanowski, P., F. Morelli, P. Mikula, A. Krištín, P. Indykiewicz, G. Grzywaczewski, and L. Jerzak. 2017. Bird diversity in urban green space: A large-scale analysis of differences between parks and cemeteries in Central Europe. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 27:264-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.08.014.

United Nations. 2019. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division, New York. https://doi.org/10.18356/b9e995fe-en.

Unterweger, P. A., C. Rieger, and O. Betz. 2017. The influence of urban lawn mowing regimes on diversity of heteroptera (Hemiptera). Heteropteron 48:7-21. https://doi.org/10.15496/publikation-16026.

Villaseñor, N. R., and M. A. Escobar. 2019. Cemeteries and biodiversity conservation in cities: how do landscape and patch-level attributes influence bird diversity in urban park cemeteries? Urban Ecosystems 22(6):1037-1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-019-00877-3.

Zhou, D., and L. M. Chu. 2012. How would size, age, human disturbance, and vegetation structure affect bird communities of urban parks in different seasons? Journal of Ornithology 153(4):1101-1112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-012-0839-x.