Spatial representation of the supply and demand of water-related ecosystem services
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.22.32.1.1.1213Keywords:
aquatic ecosystems, environmental management, territory, virtual water, water resources, watershed mappingAbstract
Many of the contributions of nature to people are embodied or mediated by water. This article explores and exemplifies the spatial representation of the supply and demand of ecosystem services related to water and its application to the different needs of environmental management and policy, with particular focus in the Argentine case. The supply of these services can be mapped by combining different sources of geographic and satellite information supported by pre-established protocols or models. Their demand, even for highly subjective services such as the cultural ones, can be mapped using public photo databases or social networks. Representing supplydemand links often requires spatial abstractions or distortions. One possibility is to discretize the territory into sections and generate an exchange matrix for multiple services among them. Another one is the continuous quantification of the production and consumption of services along watersheds. Representations of ‘virtual water’ transport associated with the exchange of products can be related to the flow of water-related ecosystem services only if the water sources involved are distinguished (e.g., rain or ‘green water’ vs. irrigation or ‘blue water’ for agricultural products) and valued according to the context of the origin and destination. Each spatial representation is better adapted to different environmental management situations. Maps are valuable for land use planning. Exchange matrices are suggested to explore conflicts and cooperation opportunities. Continuous representations of watersheds are useful for evaluating hydraulic or green interventions. Finally, the analyses of virtual water exchange between countries constitute a valuable element for international negotiations. The representation of water-related ecosystem services is a pillar of nature governance, ideally co-constructed by scientists and decision makers.
References
Abbott, B. W., K. Bishop, J. P. Zarnetske, C. Minaudo, F. S. Chapin, S. Krause, D. M. Hannah, L. Conner, D. Ellison, S. E. Godsey, S. Plont, J. Marçais, T. Kolbe, A. Huebner, R. J. Frei, T. Hampton, S. Gu, M. Buhman, S. Sara Sayedi, O. Ursache, M. Chapin, K. D. Henderson, and G. Pinay. 2019. Human domination of the global water cycle absent from depictions and perceptions. Nature Geoscience 12:533-540. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0374-y.
Abell, R., N. Asquith, G. Boccaletti, L. Bremer, and E. Chapin. 2017. Beyond the Source: The Environmental, Economic and Community Benefits of Source Water Protection. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, EE.UU.
Allison, G. B., P. G. Cook, S. R. Barnett, G. R. Walker, I. D. Jolly, and M. W. Hughes. 1990. Land clearance and river salinisation in the western Murray Basin, Australia. Journal of Hydrology 119:1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90030-2.
Andreeva, I. 2019. Spatial assessment of recreational ecosystem services in the large inland river basin (Upper Ob, Russia). Carpathian J Earth Environ Sci 14:67-76. https://doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2019/014/059.
Aragón, R., E. G. Jobbágy, and E. F. Viglizzo. 2011. Surface and groundwater dynamics in the sedimentary plains of the Western Pampas (Argentina). Ecohydrology 4:433-447. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.149.
Barral, M. P., L. Nauelhual, and P. Laterra. 2019. Métodos y herramientas de evaluación y mapeo de servicios ecosistémicos. El protocolo ECOSER. Pp. 196-211 en Paruelo, J. M y P. Laterra (eds.). El lugar de la naturaleza en la toma de decisiones: Servicios ecosistémicos y ordenamiento territorial rural. Fundación CICCUS, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Benzaquen, L., D. E. Blanco, R. Bo, P. Kandus, G. Lingua, P. Minotti, and R. Quintana. 2017. Regiones de Humedales de la Argentina. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable, Fundación para la Conservación y el Uso Sustentable de los Wetlands International, Universidad Nacional de San Martín y Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Pp. 334.
Brauman, K. A., G. C. Daily, T. K. Duarte, and H. A. Mooney. 2007. The Nature and Value of Ecosystem Services: An Overview Highlighting Hydrologic Services. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 32:67-98. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.32.031306.102758.
Bremer, L. L., D. A. Auerbach, J. H. Goldstein, A. L. Vogl, D. Shemie, T. Kroeger, J. L. Nelson, S. P. Benítez, A. Calvache, J. Guimarães, C. Herron, J. Higgins, C. Klemz, J. León, J. Sebastián Lozano, P. H. Moreno, F. Núñez, F. Veiga, and G. Tiepolo. 2016. One size does not fit all: Natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services 17:217-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.12.006.
Brouwer, R., A. Tesfaye, and P. Pauw. 2011. Meta-analysis of institutional-economic factors explaining the environmental performance of payments for watershed services. Environmental Conservation 38(4):380-392. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892911000543.
Buytaert, W., R. Célleri, B. De Bièvre, F. Cisneros, G. Wyseure, J. Deckers, and R. Hofstede. 2006. Human impact on the hydrology of the Andean páramos. Earth-Science Reviews 79:53-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.06.002.
Carpenter, S. R., H. A. Mooney, J. Agard, D. Capistrano, R. S. Defries, S. Díaz, T. Dietz, A. K. Duraiappah, A. Oteng-Yeboah, H. M. Pereira, C. Perrings, W. V. Reid, J. Sarukhan, R. J. Scholes, and A. Whyte. 2009. Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:1305-1312. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0808772106.
CEPAL. 2019. Complejos productivos y territorio en la Argentina: Aportes para el estudio de la geografía económica del país. Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe. Naciones Unidas, Santiago, Chile. Pp. 216.
Chapagain, A. K., A. Y. Hoekstra, and H. H. G. Savenije. 2006. Water saving through international trade of agricultural products. Hydrology and Earth System 10:455-468. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-10-455-2006.
Cingolani, A. M., M. Poca, M. A. Giorgis, M. V. Vaieretti, D. E. Gurvich, J. I. Whitworth-Hulse, and D. Renison. 2015. Water provisioning services in a seasonally dry subtropical mountain: Identifying priority landscapes for conservation. Journal of Hydrology 525:178-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.03.041.
Contreras, S., E. G. Jobbágy, P. E. Villagra, M. D. Nosetto, and J. Puigdefábregas. 2011. Remote sensing estimates of supplementary water consumption by arid ecosystems of central Argentina. Journal of Hydrology 397:10-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.014.
Creed, I. F., J. A. Jones, E. Archer, M. Claassen, D. Ellison, S. G. McNulty, M. van Noordwijk, B. Vira, X. Wei, K. Bishop, J. A. Blanco, M. Gush, D. Gyawali, E. Jobbágy, A. Lara, C. Little, J. Martin-Ortega, A. Mukherji, D. Murdiyarso, P. O. Pol, C. A. Sullivan, and J. Xu. 2019. Managing Forests for Both Downstream and Downwind Water. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 2:64-69. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00064.
Cuffney, T. F., R. A. Brightbill, J. T. May, and I. R. Waite. 2010. Responses of benthic macroinvertebrates to environmental changes associated with urbanization in nine metropolitan areas. Ecological Applications 20:1384-1401. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1311.1.
Daily, G. C., and P. A. Matson. 2008. Ecosystem services: From theory to implementation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:9455-9456. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804960105.
Dalin, C., M. Konar, N. Hanasaki, A. Rinaldo, and I. Rodríguez-Iturbe. 2012. Evolution of the global virtual water trade network. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109:5989-5994. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1203176109.
ECOSER. 2020. Protocolo colaborativo de evaluación y mapeo de servicios ecosistémicos y vulnerabilidad socio-ecológica para el ordenamiento territorial. URL: www.eco-ser.com.ar.
Egoh, B., E. G., Drakou, M. B. Dunbar, J. Maes, and J. Willemen 2012. Indicators for mapping ecosystem services: a review. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Twente, Holanda. Pp. 111.
Englund, O., G. Berndes, and C. Cederberg. 2017. How to analyze ecosystem services in landscapes—A systematic review. Ecological Indicators 73:492-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.10.009.
Falkenmark, M., and J. Rockström. 2006. The New Blue and Green Water Paradigm: Breaking New Ground for Water Resources Planning and Management. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 132:129-132. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2006)132:3(129).
Faruqui, N. I. 2004. Responding to the water crisis in Pakistan. International Journal of Water Resources Development 20:177-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/0790062042000206138.
Fitzjohn, C., J. L. Ternan, and A. G. Williams. 1998. Soil moisture variability in a semi-arid gully catchment: Implications for runoff and erosion control. Catena 32:55-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(97)00045-3.
Florio, E. L, J. L. Mercau, and M. D. Nosetto. 2015. Factores que regulan la dinámica freática en dos ambientes de la Pampa Interior con distintos regímenes de humedad. Ciencia del Suelo 33:263-272.
Francesconi, W., R. Srinivasan, E. Pérez-Miñana, S. P. Willcock, and M. Quintero. 2016. Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to model ecosystem services: A systematic review. Journal of Hydrology 535:625-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.034.
Giaccio, G. C. M., P. Laterra, V. Aparicio, and J. Costa. 2015. Glyphosate retention in grassland riparian areas is reduced by the invasion of exotic trees. International Journal of Experimental Botany 85:108-116. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2016.85.108.
Gliozzo, G., N. Pettorelli, and M. Haklay. 2016. Using crowdsourced imagery to detect cultural ecosystem services: a case study in South Wales, UK. Ecology and Society 21:6-18. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08436-210306.
Goirán, S. B., A. Tonolli, J. N. Aranibar, P. E. Villagra, E. Millan, L. Forconesi, and E. M. Bringa. 2013. Factores que determinan el uso del espacio y los recursos en zonas áridas no irrigadas del NE de Mendoza (Argentina). Pp. 97-109 en A. Lara, P. Laterra, R. Manson y G. Barrantes (eds.). Servicios ecosistémicos hídricos: estudios de caso en América Latina y el Caribe. Red ProAgua CYTED, Imprenta América. Valdivia, Chile.
Hale, R. L., E. M. Cook, and B. J. Beltrán. 2019. Cultural ecosystem services provided by rivers across diverse social-ecological landscapes: A social media analysis. Ecological Indicators 107:105580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105580.
Houspanossian, J., S. Kuppel, M. Nosetto, C. Di Bella, P. Oricchio, M. Barrucand, M. Rusticucci, and E. Jobbágy. 2018. Long-lasting floods buffer the thermal regime of the Pampas. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 131:111-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1959-7.
IPBES 2019. Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. S. Díaz, J. Settele, E. S. Brondízio E.S., H. T. Ngo, M. Guèze, J. Agard, A. Arneth, P. Balvanera, K. A. Brauman, S. H. M. Butchart, K. M. A. Chan, L. A. Garibaldi, K. Ichii, J. Liu, S. M. Subramanian, G. F. Midgley, P. Miloslavich, Z. Molnár, D. Obura, A. Pfaff, S. Polasky, A. Purvis, J. Razzaque, B. Reyers, R. Roy Chowdhury, Y. J. Shin, I. J. Visseren-Hamakers, K. J. Willis, and C. N. Zayas. IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, Alemania. Pp. 56.
Jobbágy, E. G., M. D. Nosetto, C. S. Santoni, and G. Baldi. 2008. El desafío ecohidrológico de las transiciones entre sistemas leñosos y herbáceos en la llanura chaco-pampeana. Ecología Austral 18:305-322
Jobbágy, E. G., M. D. Nosetto, P. E. Villagra, and R. B. Jackson. 2011. Water subsidies from mountains to deserts: their role in sustaining groundwater-fed oases in a sandy landscape. Ecological Applications 21:678-694. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1427.1.
Jobbágy, E. G., M. Poca M. D. Nosetto, G. Castellanos, S. Otta, M. P. Covolo, J. Salva, and E. Juaneda. 2018. Análisis de Situación para Fondos de Agua: Versión 1.0. Río Mendoza. Preparado para la Alianza Latinoamericana de Fondos de Agua.
Jobbágy, E. G., M. D. Nosetto, R. Giménez, and J. L. Mercau. 2019. El Lugar de la naturaleza en la toma de decisiones: El (dis)servicio de la regulación hídrica en la llanura chaco-pampeana. Pp. 212-221 en J. M. Paruelo y P. Laterra, editores. El lugar de la naturaleza en la toma de decisiones: Servicios ecosistémicos y ordenamiento territorial rural. Fundación CICCUS, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Kareiva, P., H. Tallis, T. H. Ricketts, G. C. Daily, and S. Polasky. 2011. Natural Capital: Theory and Practice of Mapping Ecosystem Services. Oxford University Press, New York, USA. Pp. 567. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588992.001.0001.
Keele, V., D. Gilvear, A. Large, A. Tree, and P. Boon. 2019. A new method for assessing river ecosystem services and its application to rivers in Scotland with and without nature conservation designations. River Research and Applications 35(8):1338-1358. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3533.
King, R. S., M. E. Baker, D. F. Whigham, D. E. Weller, T. E. Jordan, P. F. Kazyak, and M. K. Hurd. 2005. Spatial considerations for linking watershed land cover to ecological indicators in streams. Ecological Applications 15:137-153. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0481.
Klein, T. M., E. Celio, and A. Grêt-Regamey. 2015. Ecosystem services visualization and communication: A demand analysis approach for designing information and conceptualizing decision support systems. Ecosystem Services 13:173-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.02.006.
Laterra, P., M. E. Orúe, and G. C. Booman. 2012. Spatial complexity and ecosystem services in rural landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 154:56-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.05.013.
Laterra, P., P. Barral, A. Carmona, and L. Nahuelhual. 2016. Focusing Conservation Efforts on Ecosystem Service Supply May Increase Vulnerability of Socio-Ecological Systems. PLOS ONE 11:e0155019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155019.
Lee, H., B. Seo, T. Koellner, and S. Lautenbach. 2019. Mapping cultural ecosystem services 2.0 - potential and shortcomings from unlabeled crowd sourced images. Ecological Indicators 96:505-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.08.035.
Liquete, C., J. Maes, A. Notte, and G. Bidoglio. 2011. Securing water as a resource for society: An ecosystem services perspective. Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology 11:247-259. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10104-011-0044-1.
Lu, Y., Q. Li, P. Xu, and Y. Wang. 2019. Incorporating Rarity and Accessibility Factors into the Cultural Ecosystem Services Assessment in Mountainous Areas: A Case Study in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River. Sustainability 11:2203. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082203.
Luck, G. W., K. M. A. Chan, and J. P. Fay. 2009. Protecting ecosystem services and biodiversity in the world’s watersheds. Conservation Letters 2:179-188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2009.00064.x.
Magliano, P. N., F. Murray, G. Baldi, S. Aurand, R. A. Páez, W. Harder, and E. G. Jobbágy. 2015. Rainwater harvesting in Dry Chaco: Regional distribution and local water balance. Journal of Arid Environments 123:93-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.03.012.
Martin-Ortega, J., E. Ojea, C. and Roux. 2013. Payments for water ecosystem services in Latin America: a literature review and conceptual model. Ecosystem Services 6:122-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.008.
Martínez Pastur, G., P. L. Peri, M. V. Lencinas, M. García-Llorente, and B. Martín-López. 2016. Spatial patterns of cultural ecosystem services provision in Southern Patagonia. Landscape Ecology 31:383-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0254-9.
Martínez-Harms, M. J., and P. Balvanera. 2012. Methods for mapping ecosystem service supply: A review. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management 1:17-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2012.663792.
MEA. 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being - Synthesis: A Report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. W. V. Reid, H. A. Mooney, A. Cropper, D. Capistrano, S. R. Carpenter, K. Chopra, P. Dasgupta, T. Dietz, A. K. Duraiappah, R. Hassan, R. Kasperson, R. Leemans, R. M. May, A. J. McMichael, P. Pingali, C. Samper, R. Scholes, R. T. Watson, A. H. Zakri, Z. Shidong, N. J. Ash, E. Bennett, P. Kumar, M. J. Lee, C. Raudsepp-Hearne, H. Simons, J. Thonell, and M. B. Zurek. Island Press.
Mekonnen, M., M. Pahlow, M. Aldaya, E. Zárate, and A. Hoekstra. 2015. Sustainability, Efficiency and Equitability of Water Consumption and Pollution in Latin America and the Caribbean. Sustainability 7:2086-2112. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7022086.
Mercau, J. L., M. D. Nosetto, F. Bert, R. Giménez, and E. G. Jobbágy. 2016. Shallow groundwater dynamics in the Pampas: Climate, landscape and crop choice effects. Agricultural Water Management 163:159-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.09.013.
Milcu, A. I., J. Hanspach, D. Abson, and J. Fischer. 2013. Cultural ecosystem services: A literature review and prospects for future research. Ecology and Society 18:44. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05790-180344.
Molina Montenegro, M. 2008. Variación de la pubescencia foliar en plantas y sus implicaciones funcionales a lo largo de gradientes altitudinales. Ecosistemas: Revista científica y técnica de ecología y medio ambiente 17:13.
Montaña, E., L. M. Torres, E. M. Abraham, E. Torres, and G. Pastor. 2016. Los espacios invisibles: Subordinación, marginalidad y exclusión de los territorios no irrigados en las tierras secas de Mendoza, Argentina. Región y Sociedad 17:3-32. https://doi.org/10.22198/rys.2005.32.a598.
Nahuelhual, L., P. Laterra, and J. Barrena. 2016. Indicadores de servicios ecosistémicos: una revisión y análisis de su calidad. Ministerio de Ambiente, Santiago, Chile. Pp. 54.
Neugarten, R. A., P. F. Langhammer, E. Osipova, K. J. Bagstad, N. Bhagabati, S. H. M. Butchart, and S. Willcock. 2018. Tools for measuring, modelling, and valuing ecosystem services. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Suiza. Pp. 70.
Nosetto, M. D., R. A. Páez, S. I. Ballesteros, and E. G. Jobbágy. 2015. Higher water-table levels and flooding risk under grain vs. livestock production systems in the subhumid plains of the Pampas. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 206:60-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.009.
Oda, T., and S. Maksyutov. 2011. A very high-resolution (1km×1 km) global fossil fuel CO2 emission inventory derived using a point source database and satellite observations of nighttime lights. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11:543-556. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-543-2011.
Pascual, M. A., T. Olivier, L. Brandizi, P. Rimoldi, H. Malnero, and G. Kaless. 2029. Análisis de Situación para Fondos de Agua. Fase de factibilidad: Versión 1.0, Río Chubut, Argentina. Preparado para la Alianza Latinoamericana de Fondos de Agua. URL: tinyurl.com/2utk9emv.
Pascual, M. A. et al. 2021. —en este número especial—.
Plieninger, T., C. Bieling, N. Fagerholm, A. Byg, T. Hartel, P. Hurley, C. A. López-Santiago, N. Nagabhatla, E. Oteros-Rozas, C. M. Raymond, D. van der Horst, and L. Huntsinger. 2015. The role of cultural ecosystem services in landscape management and planning. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 14:28-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.02.006.
Poca, M., A. M. Cingolani, D. E. Gurvich, V. Saur Palmieri, and G. Bertone. 2018. Water storage dynamics across different types of vegetated patches in rocky highlands of central Argentina. Ecohydrology 11:e1981.
Richards, D. R., and D. A. Friess. 2015. A rapid indicator of cultural ecosystem service usage at a fine spatial scale: Content analysis of social media photographs. Ecological Indicators 53:187-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.01.034.
Schlesinger, W. H., and E. S. Berhnardt. 2013. Biogeochemistry: An analysis of global change. Academic Press, Boston, USA. Pp. 312.
Seppelt, R., C. F. Dormann, F. V. Eppink, S. Lautenbach, and S. Schmidt. 2011. A quantitative review of ecosystem service studies: Approaches, shortcomings and the road ahead. Journal of Applied Ecology 48:630-636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01952.x.
Sharp, R., J. Douglass, S. Wolny, K. Arkema, J. Bernhardt, W. Bierbower, N. Chaumont, D. Denu D. Fisher, K. Glowinski, R. Griffin, G. Guannel, A. Guerry, J. Johnson, P. Hamel, C. Kennedy, C. K. Kim, M. Lacayo, E. Lonsdorf, L. Mandle, L. Rogers, J. Silver, J. Toft, G. Verutes, A. L. Vogl, S. Wood, and K. Wyatt. 2020. InVEST 3.8.7 User’s Guide. The Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, University of Minnesota, The Nature Conservancy, and World Wildlife Fund.
Sherrouse, B. C., J. M. Clement, and D. J. Semmens. 2011. A GIS application for assessing, mapping, and quantifying the social values of ecosystem services. Applied Geography 31:748-760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.08.002.
Torres, E., E. M. Abraham, E. Montaña, M. Salomon, L. M. Torres, M. Fusari, and S. Urbina. 2003. Mendoza y el uso del agua. Pp. 17-34 en A. F. Cirelli y E. M. Abraham (eds.). El agua en Iberoamérica. Aspectos de la problemática de las tierras secas. Autoridad Nacional del Agua, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Pp. 151.
Van Der Ent, R. J., H. H. G. Savenije, B. Schaefli, and S. C. Steele-Dunne. 2010. Origin and fate of atmospheric moisture over continents. Water Resources Research 46:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009127.
Villagra, P. E., P. A. Meglioli, F. I. Pugnaire, B. Vidal, J. Aranibar, and E. G. Jobbágy. 2013. La regulación de la partición del agua en zonas áridas y sus consecuencias en la productividad del ecosistema y disponibilidad de agua para los habitantes. Pp. 111-125 en A. Lara, P. Laterra, R. Manson, y G. Barrantes (eds.). Servicios ecosistémicos hídricos: estudios de caso en América Latina y el Caribe. Red ProAgua CYTED, Imprenta América., Valdivia, Chile
Villamagna, A. M., P. L. Angermeier, and E. M. Bennett. 2013. Capacity, pressure, demand, and flow: A conceptual framework for analyzing ecosystem service provision and delivery. Ecological Complexity 15:114-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2013.07.004.
Wartmann, F. M., and R. S. Purves. 2018. Investigating sense of place as a cultural ecosystem service in different landscapes through the lens of language. Landscape and Urban Planning 175:169-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.03.021.
Wu, Z., and Y. Zhang. 2019. Water Bodies’ Cooling Effects on Urban Land Daytime Surface Temperature: Ecosystem Service Reducing Heat Island Effect. Sustainability 11:787. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030787.
Zedler, J. B. 2003. Wetlands at your service: reducing impacts of agriculture at the watershed scale. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1:65-72. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0065:WAYSRI]2.0.CO;2.
![Representación espacial de la oferta y la demanda de los servicios ecosistémicos vinculados al agua](https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/public/journals/1/article_1213_cover_es_ES.jpg)
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Esteban G. Jobbágy, Miguel Pascual, María P. Barral, María Poca, Leandro García Silva, Jorgelina Oddi, George Castellanos, Araceli Clavijo, Boris G. Díaz, Pablo E. Villagra
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/3.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
Authors retain their rights as follows: 1) by granting the journal the right to its first publication, and 2) by registering the published article with a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which allows authors and third parties to view and use it as long as they clearly mention its origin (citation or reference, including authorship and first publication in this journal). Authors can make other non-exclusive distribution agreements as long as they clearly indicate their origin and are encouraged to widely share and disseminate the published version of their work.