Production and quality of grasses in a gradient of sites quality and crown covers in Nothofagus antarctica (G. Forster) Oerst. forests in Patagonia
Keywords:
silvopastoral systems in ñire, Patagonian forest, forage production, forage qualityAbstract
The aim of the present study was to quantify the dry matter and crude protein concentration of grasses in different radiation levels and its variation over time, in Nothofagus antarctica (ñire) forests under silvopastoral use growing in contrasting environmental conditions in Southern Patagonia (Argentina). Biomass was clipped monthly for two growing seasons in five ñire stands corresponding to different site quality in three positions (radiation level) beneath crown, in between crown and in an adjacent area without trees. We additionally quantified photosynthetic active radiation, air and soil temperature, relative air humidity and soil moisture. Forage production varied between 135 to 1800 kg/ha, and was positively correlated with site quality. The effect of environmental variables over forage production depended on each site and year; however in most cases the aboveground biomass inside the forest was equal or higher than that of the adjacent areas without trees. The protein content of grasses was higher inside the forest, in the higher site quality stands, decreased throughout the growing season and was positively associated with soil moisture at all sites. The results suggest that silvopastoral use of ñire forests at intermediate crown covers may be desirable from the standpoint of forage production and quality.
References
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DURR, PA & J RANGEL. 2000. The response of Panicum maximum to a simulated subcanopy environment. Soil x shade interaction. Tropical grasslands 34:110-117.
DURU, M & H DUCROCQ. 2000. Growth and Senescence of the Successive Grass Leaves on a Tiller. Ontogenic Development and Effect of Temperature. Annals of Botany 85:635-643.
ERIKSEN, FI & AS WHITNEY. 1981. Effects of Light Intensity on Growth of Some Tropical Forage Species. I. Interaction of Light Intensity and Nitrogen Fertilization on Six Forage Grasses. Agronomy Journal 73:427-433.
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HARDYA, J; R MELLOHA; G KOENIGA; D MARKSB; A WINSTRALB; ET AL. 2004. Solar radiation transmission through conifer canopies. Agricultural and forest meteorology 126:257-270.
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MORECROFT, MD; ME TAYLOR & HR OLIVER. 1998. Air and Soil microclimates of deciduos woodland compared to an open site. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 90:141-156.
OLIVA, G; L GONZÁLEZ; P RIAL & E LIVRAGHI. 2001. El ambiente en la Patagonia Austral. Pp. 272 en: Borrelli, P & G Oliva (eds.). Ganadería Ovina Sustentable en la Patagonia Austral. INTA Reg. Pat. Sur. Argentina.
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PERI, PL; DJ MOOT & DL MCNEIL. 2003. A Canopy photosynthesis model to predict the dry matter production of cocksfoot pastures under varying temperature, nitrogen and water regimes. Grass and Forage Science 58:416-430.
PERI, PL; RJ LUCAS & DJ MOOT. 2007. Dry matter production, morphology and nutritive value of Dactylis glomerata growing under different light regimes. Agroforestry Systems 70:63-79.
PERI, PL; HA BAHAMONDE; LH MONELOS & G MARTÍNEZ PASTUR. 2008. Producción de hojarasca en bosques primarios y bajo manejo silvopastoril de Nothofagus antarctica en la provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina. Pp. 149-155 en: Actas de Eco Nothofagus 2008. 22-24 abril, Esquel, Argentina.
PERI, P. 2009. Evaluación de Pastizales en bosques de Nothofagus antarctica - Método Ñirantal Sur. Actas Primer Congreso Nacional Sistemas Silvopastoriles. Posadas, Misiones, Argentina. Pp. 335-342.
PROMIS, A; D SCHINDLER; A REIF & G CRUZ. 2009. Solar radiation transmission in and around canopy gaps in an uneven-aged Nothofagus betuloides forest. International Journal of Biometeorology 53:355-367.
ROXBURGH, JR & D KELLY. 1995. Uses and limitations of hemispherical photography for estimating forest light environments. NZ J Ecol 19:213-217.
SANTANA, A; C PORTER; N BUTOROVIC & C OLAVE. 2006. Primeros antecedentes climatológicos de estaciones automáticas (AWS) en el Canal Beagle, Magallanes, Chile. Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia 34:5-20.
SCHMIDT, H; A OLIVARES; C SILVA; JP FUENTES & A SCHMIDT. 2009. Mejoramiento de la producción ganadera a través del manejo silvopastoril en los bosques de ñire en Magallanes, Chile. Primer congreso silvopastoril, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina. Pp. 251-258.
SCHROTH, G & FL SINCLAIR. 2003. Soil Nutrient Availability and Acidity. En: Trees, crops and soil fertility. Ed. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. Pp. 93-130.
SHARRATT, BS. 1996. Soil temperature, water content, and barley development of level vs. ridged subarctic seedbeds. Soil Sci Soc Am J 60:258-263.
SKOVSGAARD, JP & JK VANKLAY. 2008. Forest site productivity: a review of the evolution of dendrometric concepts for even-aged stands. Forestry 81:13-31.
SOMLO, R; C DURAÑONA & R ORTIZ. 1985. Valor nutritivo de especies forrajeras patagónicas. Revista Argentina de Producción animal 5:589-605.
SOTO, J. 2004. Clima. Pp. 25-28 en: González, L & P Rial (eds.). Guía Geográfica Interactiva de Santa Cruz. Editorial INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
STONE, BA. 1994. Prospects for improving the nutritive value of temperate, perennial pasture grasses. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 37:349-363.
THEVATHASAN, NV & AM GORDON. 2004. Ecology of tree intercropping systems in the North temperate region: Experiences from southern Ontario, Canada. Agroforestry Systems 61:257-268.
BAHAMONDE, HA; PL PERI; G MARTÍNEZ PASTUR & V LENCINAS. 2009. Variaciones microclimáticas en bosques primarios y bajo uso silvopastoril de Nothofagus antarctica en dos Clases de Sitio en Patagonia Sur. Primer congreso silvopastoril, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina. Pp. 289-296.
BRAUN-BLANQUET, J. 1950. Sociología vegetal. Estudio de las comunidades vegetales. Acme Agency, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Pp. 134.
CALDENTEY, J; A PROMIS; H SCHMIDT & M IBARRA. 1999. Variación microclimática causada por una corta de protección en un bosque de Lenga (Nothofagus pumilio). Ciencias Forestales 14:51-59.
DANIEL, PW; VE HELMS & FS BAKER. 1982. Principios de silvicultura. 2da ed. México D.F., México. McGraw Hill. Pp. 492.
DE LUCÍA, EH; SA HECKATHOM & TA DAY. 1992. Effects of soil temperature on growth, biomasa allocation and resource acquisition of Andropogon gerardii Vitman. New Phytologist 120:543-549.
DEL VALLE, HF. 1998. Patagonian soils: a regional synthesis. Ecología Austral 8:103-123.
DURR, PA & J RANGEL. 2000. The response of Panicum maximum to a simulated subcanopy environment. Soil x shade interaction. Tropical grasslands 34:110-117.
DURU, M & H DUCROCQ. 2000. Growth and Senescence of the Successive Grass Leaves on a Tiller. Ontogenic Development and Effect of Temperature. Annals of Botany 85:635-643.
ERIKSEN, FI & AS WHITNEY. 1981. Effects of Light Intensity on Growth of Some Tropical Forage Species. I. Interaction of Light Intensity and Nitrogen Fertilization on Six Forage Grasses. Agronomy Journal 73:427-433.
FERNÁNDEZ, M; J GYENGE; G DALLA SALDA & T SCHLICHTER. 2002. Silvopastoral systems in northwestern Patagonia. I: growth and photosynthesis of Stipa speciosa under different levels of Pinus ponderosa cover. Agroforestry Systems 55:27-35.
FERTIG, M; N HANSEN & L TEJERA. 2009. Productividad y calidad forrajera en raleos de bosques de ñire (Nothofagus antarctica). Primer congreso silvopastoril, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina. Pp. 358-363.
FRAZER, GW; RA FOURNIER; JA TROFYMOW & RJ GALL. 2001. A comparison of digital and film fisheye photography for analysis of forest canopy structure and gap light transmission. Agricultural and forest meteorology 109:249-263.
GARGAGLIONE, V. 2011. Dinámica de macronutrientes en bosques de Nothofagus antarctica de Patagonia Sur. Tesis Doctorado en Ciencias Agrarias Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA). Pp. 132.
GÓMEZ SANZ, V. 2004. Cubiertas forestales y respuesta microclimática. Forest Systems 13:84-100.
GUREVITCH, J & ST CHESTER JR. 1986. Analysis of repeated measures experiments. Ecology 67:251-255.
GYENGE, JE; ME FERNÁNDEZ; G SALDA DALLA & TM SCHLICHTER. 2002. Silvopastoral systems in northwestern Patagonia II: water balance and water potential in a stand of Pinus ponderosa and native grassland. Agroforestry Systems 55:47-55.
HARDYA, J; R MELLOHA; G KOENIGA; D MARKSB; A WINSTRALB; ET AL. 2004. Solar radiation transmission through conifer canopies. Agricultural and forest meteorology 126:257-270.
JENSEN, KB; BL WALDRON; KH ASAY; DA JOHNSON & TA MÓNACO. 2003. Forage nutritional characteristics of Orchardgrass and Perennial Ryegrass at five irrigation levels. Agronomy Journal 95:668-675.
LEMMON, P. 1957. A new instrument for measuring forest overstory density. J For 55:667-668.
LENCINAS, MV; G MARTÍNEZ PASTUR; JM CELLINI; R VUKASOVIC; PL PERI; ET AL. 2002. Incorporación de la altura dominante y clase de sitio a ecuaciones estándar de volumen para Nothofagus antartica. (Forster F.) Oersted. Bosque 23:5-17.
MAESTRE, FT & J CORTINA. 2004. Do positive interactions increase with abiotic stress? A test from the semiarid steppe. Proc Roy Soc Lond B 271:S331-S333.
MCDONALD, P; RA EDWARDS & JFD GREENHALGH. 1986. Nutrición Animal. Ed. Acribia, Zaragoza, España. Pp. 518.
MEAD, DJ. 2009. Biophysical interactions in silvopastoral systems: a New Zealand perspective. Pp. 3-9 en: Actas del 1o Congreso Nacional de Sistemas Silvopastoriles, 14-16 mayo, Misiones, Argentina.
MONTEITH, JL & MH UNSWORTH. 1990. Principles of environmental physics. Edward Arnold, London, England. Pp. 291.
MORECROFT, MD; ME TAYLOR & HR OLIVER. 1998. Air and Soil microclimates of deciduos woodland compared to an open site. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 90:141-156.
OLIVA, G; L GONZÁLEZ; P RIAL & E LIVRAGHI. 2001. El ambiente en la Patagonia Austral. Pp. 272 en: Borrelli, P & G Oliva (eds.). Ganadería Ovina Sustentable en la Patagonia Austral. INTA Reg. Pat. Sur. Argentina.
PARUELO, JM; A BELTRÁN; E JOBBÁGY; OE SALA & RA GOLLUSCIO. 1998. El clima de la Patagonia: patrones generales y controles sobre los procesos bióticos. Ecología Austral 8:85-101.
PERI, PL; MV STURZENBAUM; L MONELOS; E LIVRAGHI; R CHRISTIANSEN; ET AL. 2005. Productividad de sistemas silvopastoriles en bosques nativos de ñire (Nothofagus antarctica) de Patagonia Austral. Actas III Congreso Forestal Argentino y Latinoamericano. Corrientes, Argentina. Pp. 10.
PERI, PL; DJ MOOT & DL MCNEIL. 2003. A Canopy photosynthesis model to predict the dry matter production of cocksfoot pastures under varying temperature, nitrogen and water regimes. Grass and Forage Science 58:416-430.
PERI, PL; RJ LUCAS & DJ MOOT. 2007. Dry matter production, morphology and nutritive value of Dactylis glomerata growing under different light regimes. Agroforestry Systems 70:63-79.
PERI, PL; HA BAHAMONDE; LH MONELOS & G MARTÍNEZ PASTUR. 2008. Producción de hojarasca en bosques primarios y bajo manejo silvopastoril de Nothofagus antarctica en la provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina. Pp. 149-155 en: Actas de Eco Nothofagus 2008. 22-24 abril, Esquel, Argentina.
PERI, P. 2009. Evaluación de Pastizales en bosques de Nothofagus antarctica - Método Ñirantal Sur. Actas Primer Congreso Nacional Sistemas Silvopastoriles. Posadas, Misiones, Argentina. Pp. 335-342.
PROMIS, A; D SCHINDLER; A REIF & G CRUZ. 2009. Solar radiation transmission in and around canopy gaps in an uneven-aged Nothofagus betuloides forest. International Journal of Biometeorology 53:355-367.
ROXBURGH, JR & D KELLY. 1995. Uses and limitations of hemispherical photography for estimating forest light environments. NZ J Ecol 19:213-217.
SANTANA, A; C PORTER; N BUTOROVIC & C OLAVE. 2006. Primeros antecedentes climatológicos de estaciones automáticas (AWS) en el Canal Beagle, Magallanes, Chile. Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia 34:5-20.
SCHMIDT, H; A OLIVARES; C SILVA; JP FUENTES & A SCHMIDT. 2009. Mejoramiento de la producción ganadera a través del manejo silvopastoril en los bosques de ñire en Magallanes, Chile. Primer congreso silvopastoril, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina. Pp. 251-258.
SCHROTH, G & FL SINCLAIR. 2003. Soil Nutrient Availability and Acidity. En: Trees, crops and soil fertility. Ed. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. Pp. 93-130.
SHARRATT, BS. 1996. Soil temperature, water content, and barley development of level vs. ridged subarctic seedbeds. Soil Sci Soc Am J 60:258-263.
SKOVSGAARD, JP & JK VANKLAY. 2008. Forest site productivity: a review of the evolution of dendrometric concepts for even-aged stands. Forestry 81:13-31.
SOMLO, R; C DURAÑONA & R ORTIZ. 1985. Valor nutritivo de especies forrajeras patagónicas. Revista Argentina de Producción animal 5:589-605.
SOTO, J. 2004. Clima. Pp. 25-28 en: González, L & P Rial (eds.). Guía Geográfica Interactiva de Santa Cruz. Editorial INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
STONE, BA. 1994. Prospects for improving the nutritive value of temperate, perennial pasture grasses. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 37:349-363.
THEVATHASAN, NV & AM GORDON. 2004. Ecology of tree intercropping systems in the North temperate region: Experiences from southern Ontario, Canada. Agroforestry Systems 61:257-268.
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2012-04-01
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Bahamonde, H. A., Peri, P. L., Álvarez, R., & Barneix, A. (2012). Production and quality of grasses in a gradient of sites quality and crown covers in Nothofagus antarctica (G. Forster) Oerst. forests in Patagonia. Ecología Austral, 22(1), 062–073. Retrieved from https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1266
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