To be a plant in the desert: water use strategies and water stress resistance in the Central Monte desert from Argentina
Keywords:
water use, xeromorphism, freatophytes, water stress, adaptations, rootsAbstract
The diversity and productivity of arid lands depend on the interaction between environmental limitations and the complex of adaptive features that allow organisms to maintain their water and energy balance. The Central Monte is located in the arid- semiarid zone from western Argentina, with mean annual rainfall that varies between 30 and 350 mm, concentrated in summer, mean temperature between 13 and 18 oC and with water deficit during most of the year. Here we analyze plant adaptations to water stress and the water use strategies of the dominant life forms in Central Monte: trees, shrubs and perennial grasses. Trees and shrubs from the Monte include species with different levels of xerophytism. Their adaptations range from exploitation of deep water reservoirs with extensive root systems to a wide variety of physiological, morphological and architectural strategies to tolerate drought and salinity. Prosopis flexuosa, a phreatophytic tree, plays central ecological roles in plant communities, affects the hydrological cycle, and is an important economical resource locally and regionally. Grasses, with shallow root systems, have growth pulses associated to rainfall dynamics. Diversity in water use by the dominant plant growth forms determines negative and positive interactions among species that modulate the ecosystem productivity and, consequently, its productive potential. The hydrological cycle is strongly linked to vegetation (and viceversa) in the Monte ecosystems, both locally and regionally (in several areas with groundwater accessible to plant roots, recharged by Andean precipitations). Therefore, the knowledge of the mechanism driving this connections helps to understand ecosystem functioning and to predict future scenarios in relation to global climate change and land use.
References
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BISIGATO, A., VILLAGRA, P.E., ARES, J. & ROSSI, B.E. 2009. Vegetation heterogeneity in Monte Desert ecosystems: A multi-scale approach linking patterns and processes. J. Arid Environ., 73: 182-191.
BUCCI, S.J., SCHOLZ, F.G., GOLDSTEIN, G., MEINZER, F.K. & ARCE, M. 2009. Soil water availability and rooting depth as determinants of hydraulic architecture of Patagonian woody species. Oecologia, 160: 631-641.
CABRERA, A.L. 1976. Regiones Fitogeográficas Argentinas. En: W.F. Kugler (Ed.). Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería. Editorial ACME. Buenos Aires. Tomo 2 Fascículo 1. 85pp.
CALLAWAY, R.M. & WALKER, L.R. 1997. Competition and facilitation: A synthetic approach to interactions in plant communities. Ecology, 78(7):1958-1965.
CAVAGNARO, J.B. 1988. Distribution of C3 and C4 grasses at different altitudes in a temperates arid region of Argentina. Oecologia, 76: 273-277.
CAVAGNARO, J.B. & PASSERA, C.B. 1991. Water utilization by shrubs and grasses in the Monteecosystem, Argentina. Congrès International des Terres de Parcours. Montpellier, France. 225-257.
CAVAGNARO, J.B. & PASSERA, C.B. 1993. Relaciones hídricas de Prosopis flexuosa (algarrobo dulce) en el Monte, Argentina. En: IADIZA (Ed.). Contribuciones Mendocinas a la Quinta Reunión de Regional para América Latina y el Caribe de la Red de Forestación del CIID. Conservación y Mejoramiento de Especies del Género Prosopis. Mendoza, Argentina. 73-78.
CAVAGNARO, P.F., CAVAGNARO, J.B., LEMES, J.L., MASUELLI, R.W. & PASSERA, C.B. 2006. Genetic diversity among varieties of the native forage grass Trichloris crinita based on AFLP markers, morphological characters, and quantitative agronomic traits. Genome, 49: 906-918.
CESCA, E. 2003. Efecto de Prosopis flexuosa sobre las especies palatables y su importancia para el manejo pastoril de los algarrobales del noreste de Mendoza. Tesis de Licenciatura. Universidad de Congreso.Mendoza. 61 pp.
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CHEN, J.S., LI, L., WANG, J.Y., BARRY, D.A., SHENG, X.F., GU, W.Z., ZHAO, X. & CHEN, L. 2004. Water resources: groundwater maintains dune landscape. Nature, 432: 459-460.
DALMASSO, A. 1994. Fenología de cinco gramíneas nativas de interés forrajero: Pappohorum caespitosum, Trichloris crinita, Setaria leucopila, Digitaria californica y Diplache dubia. Multequina, 3: 9-34.
DALMASSO, A., MASUELLI, R. & SALGADO, O. 1994. Relación vástago-raíz durante el crecimiento en vivero de tres especies nativas del Monte, Prosopis chilensis, P. flexuosa y Bulnesia retama. Multequina, 3: 35-43.
ECHENIQUE, C.V. & CURVETTO, N.R. 1986. Efecto del déficit hídrico en cinco cultivares de pasto llorón, Eragrostis curvula (Schrad) Nees sens lat Niveles de clorofila y prolina foliar y permeabilidad de membranas celulares. Phyton, 46(2): 195-206.
EZCURRA, E., MONTANA, C. & ARIZAGA, S. 1991. Architecture, light interception, and distribution of Larrea species in the Monte Desert, Argentina. Ecology, 72(1):23-34.
FITTER, A.H., STICKLAND, T.R., HARVEY, M.L. & WILSON, G.W. 1991. Architectural analysis of plant root systems 1. Architectural correlates of exploitation efficiency. New Phytol, 118: 375-382.
GIANTOMASI, M.A., ROIG JUÑENT, F.A., VILLAGRA, P.E. & SRUR, A. 2009. Annual variation and influence of climate on the ring width and wood hydrosystem of Prosopis flexuosa DC. Trees, 23: 117-126.
GIORGETTI, H.D., MONTENEGRO, O.A., RODRIGUEZ, G.D., BUSSO, C.A., MONTANI, T., BURGOS, M.A., FLEMMER, A.C., TORIBIO, M.B. & HORVITZ, S.S. 1997. The comparative influence of past management and rainfall on range herbaceous standing crop in east- central Argentina: 14 years of observations. J. Arid Environ., 36(4): 623-637.
GRECO, S.A. & CAVAGNARO, J.B. 2002. Effects of drought in biomass production and allocation in three varieties of Trichloris crinita P. (Poaceae) a forage gras from the arid Monte region of Argentina. Plant Ecol., 164: 125-135.
GRECO, S.A. & CAVAGNARO, J.B. 2005. Growth characteristics associated with biomass production in three varieties of Trichloris crinita (Poaceae), a forage grass native to the arid regions of Argentina. The Rangeland J., 27: 135-142.
GRECO, S.A., SARTOR, C. & VILLAGRA, P.E. 2006. Mínima precipitación efectiva para la emergencia de gramíneas perennes nativas del Monte. XX Jornadas Investigación de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Mendoza. 71.
GUEVARA, A., GIORDANO, C.V., ARANIBAR, J., QUIROGA, M. & VILLAGRA, P.E. 2010. Phenotypic plasticity of the coarse root system of Prosopis flexuosa, a phreatophyte tree, in the Monte Desert (Argentina). Plant Soil, 330: 447-464.
HACKE, U.G., SPERRY, J.S., POCKMAN, W.T., DAVIS, S.D. & MCCULLOH, K.A. 2001. Trends in wood density and structure are linked to prevention of xylem implosion by negative pressure. Oecologia, 126(4): 457-461.
JOBBÁGY, E.G., NOSETTO, M.D., VILLAGRA, P.E. & JACKSON, R.B. en prensa. Water subsidies from mountains to deserts: Their role sustaining groundwater-fed oases in a sandy landscape. Ecol. Appl, doi: 10.1890/09-1427.1.
KRÖPFL, A.I., CECCHI, G.A., VILLASUSO, N.M. & DISTEL, R.A. 2002. The influence of Larrea divaricata on soil moisture and on water status and growth of Stipa tenuis in Southern Argentina. J. Arid Environ., 52: 29-35.
LABRAGA, J.C. & VILLALBA, R. 2009. Climate in the Monte Desert: past trends, present conditions, and future projections. J. Arid Environ., 73: 154-163.
MAESTRE, F.T., VALLADARES, F. & REYNOLDS, J.F. 2005. Is the change of plant-plant interactions with abiotic stress predictable? A meta-analysis of field results in arid environments. J. Ecol., 93(4): 748-757.
MARONE, L., HORNO, M. & GONZÁLEZ DEL SOLAR, R. 2000. Post-dispersal fate of seeds in the Monte desert of Argentina: patterns of germination in successive wet and dry years. J. Ecol., 88: 940-949.
MORELLO, J. 1955. Estudios Botánicos en las Regiones Áridas de la Argentina. 1. Ambiente, Morfología y anatomía de cuatro arbustos resinosos de follaje permanente del Monte. Revista Agronómica del Noroeste Argentina, 1(3): 301-370.
MORELLO, J. 1958. La Provincia Fitogeográfica delMonte. Opera Lilloana, 2: 5-115.
Noy-Meir, I. 1973. Desert ecosystems: Enviroment and producers. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 4: 25-51.
PASSERA, C.B. 1990. Efecto de la temperatura y del estres hídrico en la germinación de Atriplex lampa Moq. (Chenopodiadeae). Stvdia Oecológica, VII: 77-84.
PASSERA, C.B. & ALLEGRETI, L.I. 1996. Relaciones hídricas, productividad y partición de asimilados en plántulas de Atriplex lampa sometidas a estrés hídrico. XXI Reunión Argentina de Fisiología Vegetal Mendoza. 230-231.
PASSERA, C.B. & BORSETTO, O. 1989. Aspectos Ecológicos de Atriplex lampa. Investigación Agraria: Producción y Protección Vegetales. I.N.I.A., 4(2): 179-198.
PASSERA, C.B., DALMASO, A.D. & DUFFAR, E. 1983. Ambiente físico y vegetación de las pampas de los Ñangos y seca, Mendoza, Argentina. Deserta., 7: 108-144.
ROIG, F.A. 1971. Flora y Vegetación de la Reserva Forestal de Ñacuñán. La vegetación. Deserta, 1: 201-239.
ROIG, F.A. 1972. Bosquejo fisonómico de la vegetación de la provincia de Mendoza. Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot., XIII(Suplemento): 49-80.
ROIG, F.A. 1985. Árboles y bosques de la región árida centro oeste de la Argentina (Provincias de Mendoza y San Juan) y sus posibilidades silvícolas. Forestación en zonas áridas y semiáridas. Segundo encuentro regional CIID. América Latina y el Caribe. Santiago - Chile. CIID. 145-188.
ROSSI, B.E. 2004. Flora y vegetación de la Reserva de Biosfera de Ñacuñán después de 25 años de clausura. Heterogeneidad espacial a distintas escalas. Tesis doctoral. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Mendoza. 155 pp.
ROSSI, B.E. & VILLAGRA, P.E. 2003. Effects of Prosopis flexuosa on soil properties and the spatial pattern of understory species in arid Argentina. J. Veg. Sci., 14: 543-550.
RUNDEL, P., VILLAGRA, P.E., DILLON, M.O., ROIG- JUÑENT, S.A. & DEBANDI, G. 2007. Arid and Semi- Arid Ecosystems. En: T.T. Veblen, Young, K. & Orme, A. (Ed.). The physical geography of South America. Oxford University Press. 158-183.
RUNDEL, P.W. 1980. The ecological distribution of C4 and C3 grasses in the Hawaiian Islands. Oecologia (Berl.), 45: 354-359.
SCANLON, B.R., KEESE, K.E., FLINT, A.L., FLINT, L.E., GAYE, C.B., EDMUNDS, W.M. & SIMMERS, I. 2006. Global synthesis of groundwater recharge in semiarid and arid regions. Hydrol. Processes, 20: 3335-3370.
SELIGMAN, N.G., CAVAgnaro, J.B. & Horno, M.E. 1992. Simulation of defoliation effects on primary production of a warm-season, semiarid perennial-species grassland. Ecol. Modelling., 60: 45-61.
SOLBRIG, O., BARBOUR, M.A., CROSS, J., GOLDSTEIN, G., LOWE, C.H., MORELLO, J. & YANG, T.W. 1977. The Strategies and Community Patterns of Desert Plants. En: G.H. Orians & Solbrig, O.T. (Ed.). Convergent Evolution in Warm Deserts. US/IBP Synthesis No 3. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc Stroudsburg, Pa. 67-106.
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2011-04-01
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Villagra, P. E., Giordano, C., Alvarez, J. A., Cavagnaro, J. B., Guevara, A., Sartor, C., Passera, C. B., & Greco, S. (2011). To be a plant in the desert: water use strategies and water stress resistance in the Central Monte desert from Argentina. Ecología Austral, 21(1), 029–042. Retrieved from https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1294
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Copyright (c) 2011 Pablo E. Villagra, Carla Giordano, Juan A. Alvarez, Juan Bruno Cavagnaro, Aranzazú Guevara, Carmen Sartor, Carlos B. Passera, Silvina Greco
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