Floristic diversity under different intensities of large herbivore grazing in mountain grasslands of the Ventania System, Buenos Aires
Keywords:
species richness, botanical composition, disturbance, needlegrass, Parque Provincial Ernesto TornquistAbstract
In sub-humid grasslands moderate grazing by large herbivores may promote increases in plant diversity. Our objective was to evaluate changes in floristic diversity and floristic composition at different grazing intensities by large herbivores in mountain grasslands of the Ventania System, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Sampling comprised an area of 200 ha, on needlegrass grasslands grazed by feral horses and cattle. Nine 1 ha plots were selected to represent a grazing intensity gradient, and we evaluated plant species cover in order to describe the plant diversity pattern, species richness and cover, and floristic composition in relation to the grazing intensity gradient. Plant diversity was greater at moderate grazing intensity mainly due to the increment of dicots and cool-season grasses richness. In terms of cover, grazing only increased dicots’ aerial cover. Grazing was associated with changes in the floristic composition of needlegrass grasslands, through inducing the replacement of cool-season grasses (e.g. Piptochaetium hackelii, Briza subaristata, Nassella filiculmis) by an unpalatable warm-season grass (Aristida spegazzinii). In mountain grasslands of the Ventania System, moderate grazing intensity appears to favor plant diversity by increasing dicots and cool-season grasses richness, whereas high grazing intensity may promote the replacement of palatable cool-season grasses by unpalatable warm season grasses.
References
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HICKEY, WC. 1961. Growth Form of Crested Wheatgrass as Affected by Site and Grazing. Ecol., 42:173-176.
HOOPER, DU; FS CHAPIN III; JJ EWEL; A HECTOR; P INCHAUSTI; ET AL. 2005. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge. Ecol. Monogr., 75:3-35.
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LOYDI, A; RA DISTEL & SM ZALBA. 2010. Large Herbivore Grazing and Non-Native Plant Invasions in Montane Grasslands of Central Argentina. Nat. Areas. J., 30:148-155.
MCCANN, KS. 2000. The diversity-stability. Nature, 405:228-233.
MILCHUNAS, DG; OE SALA & WK LAUENROTH. 1988. A generalized model of the effects of grazing by large herbivores on grassland community structure. Am. Nat., 132:87-106.
NAEEM, S; JMH KNOPS; D TILMAN; KM HOWE; T KENNEDY; ET AL. 2000. Plant diversity increases resistance to invasion in the absence of covarying extrinsic factors. Oikos, 91:97-108.
NAI-BREGAGLIO, M; E PUCHETA & M CABIDO. 2002. El efecto del pastoreo sobre la diversidad florística y estructural en pastizales de montaña del centro de Argentina. Rev. Chil. Hist. Natl., 75:613-623.
NOY-MEIR, I; M GUTMAN & Y KAPLAN. 1989. Responses of Mediterranean grassland plants to grazing and protection. J. Ecol., 77:290-310.
OLFF, H & ME RITCHIE. 1998. Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity. TREE, 13:261-265.
OSEM, Y; A PEREVOLOTSKY & J KIGEL. 2002. Grazing effect on diversity of annual plant communities in a semi-arid rangeland: Interactions with small-scale spatial and temporal variation in primary productivity. J. Ecol., 90:936-946.
PAZOS, GE; AJ BISIGATO & MB BERTILLER. 2007. Abundance and spatial patterning of coexisting perennial grasses in grazed shrublands of the Patagonian Monte. J. Arid. Environ., 70:316-328.
PECO, B; I DE PABLOS; J TRABA & C LEVASSOR. 2005. The effect of grazing abandonment on species composition and functional traits: The case of dehesa grasslands. Basic and Applied Ecol., 6:175-183.
PUCHETA, E; M CABIDO; S DÍAZ & G FUNES. 1998. Floristic composition, biomass, and aboveground net plant production in grazed and protected sites in a mountain grassland of central Argentina. Acta Oecologica, 19:97-105.
PYKÄLÄ, J. 2005a. Plant species responses to cattle grazing in mesic semi-natural grassland. Agric, Ecosyst. & Environ., 108:109-117.
PYKÄLÄ, J. 2005b. Cattle grazing increases plant species richness of most species trait groups in mesic semi-natural grasslands. Plant Ecol., 175:217-226.
RAMBO, JL & SH FAETH. 1999. Effect of vertebrate grazing on plant and insect community structure. Conserv. Biol., 13:1047-1054.
RICHARDSON, DM; N ALLSOPP; CM D’ANTONIO; SJ MILTON & M REJMANEK. 2000. Plant invasions - The role of mutualisms. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc., 75:65-93.
ROOK, AJ; B DUMONT; J ISSELSTEIN; K OSORO; MF WALLIS DE VRIES; ET AL. 2004. Matching type of livestock to desired biodiversity outcomes in pastures - a review. Biol. Conserv., 119:137-150.
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SALA, OE; M OESTERHELD; RJC LEÓN & A SORIANO. 1986. Grazing effects upon plant community structure in subhumid grasslands of Argentina. Vegetatio, 67:27-32.
SCOROLLI, AL. 1999. Demografía y áreas de actividad de una población de caballos cimarrones en el Parque Provincial Ernesto Tornquist. Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca. Argentina.
STOCKTON, SA; S ALLOMBERT; AJ GASTON & JL MARTIN. 2005. A natural experiment on the effects of high deer densities on the native flora of coastal temperate rain forests. Biol. Conserv., 126:118- 128.
SUTHERLAND, W. 1996. Ecological census techniques. A handbook. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
TEAGUE, WR; SL DOWHOWER & JA WAGGONER. 2004. Drought and grazing patch dynamics under different grazing management. J. Arid Environ., 58:97-117.
TILMAN, D. 2000. Causes, consequences and ethics of biodiversity. Nature, 405:208-211.
TILMAN, D & JA DOWNING. 1994. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature, 367:363-5.
TILMAN, D; J KNOPS; D WEDIN; P REICH; M RITCHIE; ET AL. 1997. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science, 277:1300-1302.
TODD, SW & MT HOFFMAN. 1999. A fence-line contrast reveals effects of heavy grazing on plant diversity and community composition in Namaqualand, South Africa. Plant Ecol., 142:169-178.
VAVRA, M; CG PARKS & MJ WISDOM. 2007. Biodiversity, exotic plant species, and herbivory: The good, the bad, and the ungulate. For. Ecol. and Manag., 246:66-72.
WANG, Y; M SHIYOMI; M TSUIKI; M TSUTSUMI; X YU; ET AL. 2002. Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation under different grazing intensities in the Northwest Heilongjiang Steppe of China. Agric, Ecosyst. & Environ., 90:217-229.
WEST, NE. 1993. Biodiversity of rangelands. J. Range Manag., 46:2-13.
WESTOBY, M; B WALKER & I NOY-MEIR. 1989. Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium. J. Range Manag., 42:266-274.
ZALBA, SM & NC COZZANI. 2004. The impact of feral horses on grassland bird communities in Argentina. Anim. Conserv., 7:35-44.
ZAR, JH. 1999. Biostatistical Analisis. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. USA.
ZULOAGA, FO & O MORRONE. 2007. Catálogo de plantas vasculares del cono sur. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. www.darwin.edu.ar/Proyectos/FloraArgentina/FA.asp.
BURGOS, J. 1968. El clima de la provincia de Buenos Aires en relación con la vegetación natural y el suelo. Pp. 33-100 en: Cabrera, AL (ed.). Flora de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Colección Científica INTA, Buenos Aires.
CAPPANNINI, D; CO SCOPPA & J VARGAS GIL.1971. Suelos de las Sierras Australes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Pp. 203-234 en: Reunion Sobre Geología de las Sierras Australes Bonaerenses. Comisión Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.
CINGOLANI, AM; MR CABIDO; D RENISON & V SOLÍS NEFFA. 2003 Combined effects of environment and grazing on vegetation structure in Argentine granite grasslands. J. Veg. Sci., 14:223-232.
CINGOLANI, AM; I NOY-MEIR & S DÍAZ. 2005. Grazing effects on rangeland diversity: A synthesis of contemporary models. Ecol. Appl., 15:757-773.
CHANETON, EJ; SB PERELMAN; M OMACINI & RJC LEÓN. 2002. Grazing, Environmental Heterogeneity, and Alien Plant Invasions in Temperate Pampa Grasslands. Biol. Inv., 4:7-24.
CONNELL, JH. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. High diversity of trees and corals is maintained only in a nonequilibrium state. Science, 199:1302-1310.
CHAPIN III, FS; ES ZAVALETA; VT EVINER; RL NAYLOR; PM VITOUSEK; ET AL. 2000. Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature, 405:234-242.
DÍAZ S & M CABIDO. 1997. Plant functional types and ecosystem function in relation to global change. J. Veg. Sci., 8:463-474.
DÍAZ S & M CABIDO. 2001. Vive la différence: Plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. TREE, 16:646-655.
DÍAZ, S; S LAVOREL; S MCINTYRE; V FALCZUK; F CASANOVES; ET AL. 2007. Plant trait responses to grazing - A global synthesis. Glob. Chang. Biol., 13:313-341.
DISTEL, RA & RM BÓO. 1996. Vegetation states and transitions in temperate semiarid rangelands of Argentina. Pp. 117-118 en: Proceedings of the Fifth International Rangeland Congress. Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
DUPRÉ, C & M DIEKMANN. 2001. Differences in species richness and life-history traits between grazed and abandoned grasslands in southern Sweden. Ecography, 24:275-286.
FAHNESTOCK, JT & JK DETLING. 2000. Morphological and physiological responses of perennial grasses to long-term grazing in the Pryor Mountains, Montana. Am. Midl. Nat., 143:312-320.
FRANGI, JL & OJ BOTTINO. 1995. Comunidades vegetales de la Sierra de la Ventana, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Rev Fac Agron, La Plata, 71:93-133.
FRANGI, JL; NE SÁNCHEZ; MG RONCO; G ROVETTA & R VICARI. 1980. Dinámica de la biomasa y productividad primaria aérea neta de un pastizal de “flechillas” de sierra de La Ventana (Bs. As., Argentina). Bol. Soc. Arg. Bot., 19:203-228.
FRIDLEY, JD; JJ STACHOWICZ; S NAEEM; DF SAX; EW SEABLOOM; MD SMITH; TJ STOHLGREN; D TILMAN; B VON HOLLE. 2007. The invasion paradox: reconciling pattern and process in species invasions. Ecology, 88:3-17.
GRIME, JP. 2001. Plant strategies, vegetation processes, and ecosystem properties. 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, LTD, Chichester, UK.
HARPER, JL. 1977. Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press, Londres, UK.
HEITSCHMIDT, RK; KD KLEMENT & MR HAFERKAMP. 2005. Interactive effects of drought and grazing on Northern Great Plain rangelands. Range. Ecol. Manage., 58:11-19.
HICKEY, WC. 1961. Growth Form of Crested Wheatgrass as Affected by Site and Grazing. Ecol., 42:173-176.
HOOPER, DU; FS CHAPIN III; JJ EWEL; A HECTOR; P INCHAUSTI; ET AL. 2005. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge. Ecol. Monogr., 75:3-35.
LAVOREL, S; S MCINTYRE & K GRIGULIS. 1999. Plant response to disturbance in a Mediterranean grassland: How many functional groups? J. Veg. Sci., 10:661-672.
LEGENDRE, P & L LEGENDRE. 1998. Numerical ecology. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam.
LONG, MA & CM GRASSINI. 1997. Actualización del conocimiento florístico del Parque Provincial Ernesto Tornquist. Informe final Convenio Ministerio de Asuntos Agrarios-Universidad Nacional del Sur. Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
LOREAU, M; S NAEEM; P INCHAUSTI; J BENGTSSON; JP GRIME; ET AL. 2001. Ecology: Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges. Science, 294:804-808.
LOYDI, A; RA DISTEL & SM ZALBA. 2010. Large Herbivore Grazing and Non-Native Plant Invasions in Montane Grasslands of Central Argentina. Nat. Areas. J., 30:148-155.
MCCANN, KS. 2000. The diversity-stability. Nature, 405:228-233.
MILCHUNAS, DG; OE SALA & WK LAUENROTH. 1988. A generalized model of the effects of grazing by large herbivores on grassland community structure. Am. Nat., 132:87-106.
NAEEM, S; JMH KNOPS; D TILMAN; KM HOWE; T KENNEDY; ET AL. 2000. Plant diversity increases resistance to invasion in the absence of covarying extrinsic factors. Oikos, 91:97-108.
NAI-BREGAGLIO, M; E PUCHETA & M CABIDO. 2002. El efecto del pastoreo sobre la diversidad florística y estructural en pastizales de montaña del centro de Argentina. Rev. Chil. Hist. Natl., 75:613-623.
NOY-MEIR, I; M GUTMAN & Y KAPLAN. 1989. Responses of Mediterranean grassland plants to grazing and protection. J. Ecol., 77:290-310.
OLFF, H & ME RITCHIE. 1998. Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity. TREE, 13:261-265.
OSEM, Y; A PEREVOLOTSKY & J KIGEL. 2002. Grazing effect on diversity of annual plant communities in a semi-arid rangeland: Interactions with small-scale spatial and temporal variation in primary productivity. J. Ecol., 90:936-946.
PAZOS, GE; AJ BISIGATO & MB BERTILLER. 2007. Abundance and spatial patterning of coexisting perennial grasses in grazed shrublands of the Patagonian Monte. J. Arid. Environ., 70:316-328.
PECO, B; I DE PABLOS; J TRABA & C LEVASSOR. 2005. The effect of grazing abandonment on species composition and functional traits: The case of dehesa grasslands. Basic and Applied Ecol., 6:175-183.
PUCHETA, E; M CABIDO; S DÍAZ & G FUNES. 1998. Floristic composition, biomass, and aboveground net plant production in grazed and protected sites in a mountain grassland of central Argentina. Acta Oecologica, 19:97-105.
PYKÄLÄ, J. 2005a. Plant species responses to cattle grazing in mesic semi-natural grassland. Agric, Ecosyst. & Environ., 108:109-117.
PYKÄLÄ, J. 2005b. Cattle grazing increases plant species richness of most species trait groups in mesic semi-natural grasslands. Plant Ecol., 175:217-226.
RAMBO, JL & SH FAETH. 1999. Effect of vertebrate grazing on plant and insect community structure. Conserv. Biol., 13:1047-1054.
RICHARDSON, DM; N ALLSOPP; CM D’ANTONIO; SJ MILTON & M REJMANEK. 2000. Plant invasions - The role of mutualisms. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc., 75:65-93.
ROOK, AJ; B DUMONT; J ISSELSTEIN; K OSORO; MF WALLIS DE VRIES; ET AL. 2004. Matching type of livestock to desired biodiversity outcomes in pastures - a review. Biol. Conserv., 119:137-150.
RÚGOLO DE AGRASAR, ZE; PE STEIBEL & HO TROIANI. 2005. Manual ilustrado de las gramíneas de la provincia de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Universidad Nacional de R. EdUNLPam. Pp. 374.
RUSCH, GM & M OESTERHELD. 1997. Relationship between productivity, and species and functional group diversity in grazed and non-grazed Pampas grassland. Oikos, 78:519-526.
SALA, OE; M OESTERHELD; RJC LEÓN & A SORIANO. 1986. Grazing effects upon plant community structure in subhumid grasslands of Argentina. Vegetatio, 67:27-32.
SCOROLLI, AL. 1999. Demografía y áreas de actividad de una población de caballos cimarrones en el Parque Provincial Ernesto Tornquist. Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca. Argentina.
STOCKTON, SA; S ALLOMBERT; AJ GASTON & JL MARTIN. 2005. A natural experiment on the effects of high deer densities on the native flora of coastal temperate rain forests. Biol. Conserv., 126:118- 128.
SUTHERLAND, W. 1996. Ecological census techniques. A handbook. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
TEAGUE, WR; SL DOWHOWER & JA WAGGONER. 2004. Drought and grazing patch dynamics under different grazing management. J. Arid Environ., 58:97-117.
TILMAN, D. 2000. Causes, consequences and ethics of biodiversity. Nature, 405:208-211.
TILMAN, D & JA DOWNING. 1994. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature, 367:363-5.
TILMAN, D; J KNOPS; D WEDIN; P REICH; M RITCHIE; ET AL. 1997. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science, 277:1300-1302.
TODD, SW & MT HOFFMAN. 1999. A fence-line contrast reveals effects of heavy grazing on plant diversity and community composition in Namaqualand, South Africa. Plant Ecol., 142:169-178.
VAVRA, M; CG PARKS & MJ WISDOM. 2007. Biodiversity, exotic plant species, and herbivory: The good, the bad, and the ungulate. For. Ecol. and Manag., 246:66-72.
WANG, Y; M SHIYOMI; M TSUIKI; M TSUTSUMI; X YU; ET AL. 2002. Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation under different grazing intensities in the Northwest Heilongjiang Steppe of China. Agric, Ecosyst. & Environ., 90:217-229.
WEST, NE. 1993. Biodiversity of rangelands. J. Range Manag., 46:2-13.
WESTOBY, M; B WALKER & I NOY-MEIR. 1989. Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium. J. Range Manag., 42:266-274.
ZALBA, SM & NC COZZANI. 2004. The impact of feral horses on grassland bird communities in Argentina. Anim. Conserv., 7:35-44.
ZAR, JH. 1999. Biostatistical Analisis. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. USA.
ZULOAGA, FO & O MORRONE. 2007. Catálogo de plantas vasculares del cono sur. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. www.darwin.edu.ar/Proyectos/FloraArgentina/FA.asp.
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2010-12-01
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Loydi, A., & Distel, R. A. (2010). Floristic diversity under different intensities of large herbivore grazing in mountain grasslands of the Ventania System, Buenos Aires. Ecología Austral, 20(3), 281–291. Retrieved from https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1307
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