Effects of pulp industry effluents: certainties and doubts
Keywords:
environmental conflict, paper consumption, endocrine disruptor, ecotoxicology, industrial effluents, eutrophication, kraft process, ecosystem servicesAbstract
The growth pattern of the pulp and paper industry, as well as the associated forestry model, reveals a growing tendency to expand in Asia, Africa and South America. We believe that it is necessary to incorporate the environmental perspective on social consciousness so that decisions regarding the use and management of natural resources are not taken just by following the logic of the market. The concept of ecosystem services is a valuable aid in the analysis of environmental conflicts. The identification and quantification of ecosystem services is important because many times these services are not apparent to the average person or decision maker. In this article we focus on the analysis of the evidence of the direct impacts produced by the industrial effluents arising from the operation of pulp mills. These effluents have a considerable complexity due to the number of chemical compounds that they contain, some of them unidentified until now. Their effects are site-dependent where the physico-chemical characteristics of the receiver corp, its flow, the type of wood used in the industrial process, the effluent treatment adopted, as well as the sensitivity of the species in the ecosystem are some of the factors that determine the possible responses of the environment. Nevertheless, many ecotoxicological and eutrophication studies of water bodies have shown that some of the potential effects occur in different and distant biogeographic regions of the planet and regardless of the specific type of industrial process used. This work describe these effects, that are widely documented in the scientific literature, presented from the simplest levels of biological organization (molecular) to the most complex (ecosystems). In particular, the effects of the exposure to the endocrine disruptors have abundant laboratory and field evidence that have allowed to determine their mechanisms of action. The incorporation of new phases (e.g., secondary) in the treating systems of the industrial effluents mitigates the acute effects but not the chronic responses recorded. Based on the known effects we consider the potential impacts on the ecosystem functions and the main challenges for Latin America in the planning of this productive activity. Finally, we mention the existing difficulties in addressing environmental problems such as the high levels of associated uncertainty, the complex nature of the responses of the systems to shock or stress and the information gaps. In this scenario, we believe that the independent academic input and analysis should contribute to the decision making and help the society to build a grounded opinion.
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EASTON, MDL; GM KRUZYNSKI; II SOLAR & HM DYE. 1997. Genetic toxicity of pulp mill effluent on juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) using flow cytometery. Water Sci. Technol. 35:347-355.
ELLIS, RJ; MR VAN DEN HEUVEL; MA SMITH & N LING. 2005. Effects of maternal versus direct exposure to pulp and paper mill effluent on rainbow trout early life stages. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A, 68:369-387.
FAO. 2007. FAOSTAT on-line statistical service, Available online at: http://faostat.fao.org.
FREEDMAN, B. 1995. Environmental Ecology. The ecological effects of pollution, disturbance and other stresses. Academic Press, San Diego. 606 Pp.
FOLKE, C. 2006. Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change 16:253-267.
GLOZIER, NE; JM CULP; KJ CASH; RB BRUA & CS WOOD. 2002. Assessing effects of pulp mill effluent on benthic invertebrates with stream mesocosms on the Saint John River, Edmundston, NB. Proceedings, 29th Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop. Whistler, BC. Canada, October 21-23. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2438:2-3.
GRAPENTINE, LC; RB LOWELL; TB REYNOLDSON & JC CULP. 2001. Responses of benthic invertebrate communities to pulp and paper mill effluents: Multivariate analyses of pooled data from the National EEM program. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2379:2.
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HEWITT, LM; JL PARROTT & ME MCMASTER. 2006. A decade of research on the environmental impacts of pulp and paper mill effluent in Canada: sources and characteristics of bioactive substances. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part B, Critical Reviews, 9(4):341-356.
HEWITT, LM; TG KOVACS; M DUBE; D MACLATCHY; PH MARTEL ET AL. 2008. Altered reproduction in fish exposed to pulp and paper mill effluents: roles of individual compounds and mill operating conditions. Environ. Tox. Chem. 27(3):682-697.
HODSON, PV; S EFLER; JY WILSON; A EL-SHAARAWI; M MAJ ET AL. 1996. Measuring the potency of pulp mill effluents for induction of hepatic mixed function oxygenase activity in fish. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 49:101-128.
HUDSON, PJ; AP DOBSON & KD LAFFERTY. 2006. Is a healthy ecosystem one that is rich in parasites? TREE 21(7):381-385.
JENSEN, KM; EA MAKYNEN; MD KAHL & GT ANKLEY. 2006. Effects of the Feedlot Contaminant 17r- Trenbolone on Reproductive Endocrinology of the Fathead Minnow. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40:3112-3117.
JOBBÁGY, EG; MD NOSETTO; CS SANTONI & G BALDI. 2008. El desafío ecohidrológico de las transiciones entre sistemas leñosos y herbáceos en la llanura Chaco-Pampeana. Ecol. Aus. 18:305-322.
KARELS, A & A OIKARI. 2000. Effects of pulp and paper mill effluents on the reproductive and physiological status of perch (Perca fluviatilis) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) during the spawing period. Ann. Zool. Fennici. 37:65-77.
KARELS, A; E MARKKULA & A OIKARI. 2001. Reproductive, biochemical, physiological, y population responses in perch (Perca fluviatilis l.) y roach (Rutilus rutilus l.) downstream of two elemental chlorine-free pulp y paper mills. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20(7):1517-1527.
KAVLOCK, RJ; GP DASTON; C DEROSA; P FENNER-CRISP; LE GRAY ET AL. 1996. Research needs for the risk assessment of health and environmental effects of endocrine disruptors: A report of the US EPA sponsored workshop. Environ. Health Perspect. 104(4):715-740.
KHAN, RA & SM BILLIARD. 2007. Parasites of winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) as an additional bioindicator of stress-related exposure to untreated pulp and paper mill effluent: a 5- year field study. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52:243-250.
KIPARISSIS, Y; R HUGHES; CD METCALFE; AJ NIIMI & T TERNES. 2000. Potential of the flavonoid, genistein to alter gonadal development in fish. In: Proceedings, 27th Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop. October 1-4, 2000, St. John’s, Newfoundland. Penney KC, Coady KA.
KIPARISSIS, Y; R HUGHES; C METCALFE & T TERNES. 2001. Identification of the isoflavonoid genistein in bleached kraft mill effluent. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35:2423-2427.
LIVINGSTON, RJ; AK PRASAD; X NIU & SE MCGLYNN. 2002. Effects of ammonia in pulp mill effluents on estuarine phytoplankton assemblages: field descriptive and experimental results. Aquatic Botany 74:343-367.
LOWELL, RB; LC GRAPENTINE; JC CULP & TB REYNOLDSON. 2001. National assessment of the effects of pulp and paper mills on benthic invertebrate communities: Meta-analyses of the National EEM database (abstr.). Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2379:1-2.
LOWELL, RB; SC RIBEY; IK ELLIS; EL PORTER; JM CULP ET AL. 2003. National assessment of the pulp and paper environmental effects monitoring data. Burlington, Ontario. National Water Research Institute. No. 03-521.
LURLING, M & M SCHEFFER. 2007. Info-disruption: pollution and the transfer of chemical information between organisms. TREE 22(7):374-379.
MACLATCHY, DL & GJ VAN DER KRAAK. 1995. The phytoestrogen b -sitosterol alters the reproductive endocrine status of goldfish. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 134:305-312.
MARTEL, PH; TG KOVACS & RH VOSS. 1996. Effluents from Canadian pulp and paper mills: A recent investigation of their potential to induce mixed function oxygenase activity in fish. Pp. 401-412 en: Environmental Fate and Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents. Servos, MR; KR Munkittrick, JH Carey & GJ Van Der Kraak (eds.). St. Lucie Press. Del Ray Beach, FL, USA.
MARTEL, P; T KOVACS; R VOSS & S MEGRAW. 2003. Evaluation of caged freshwater mussels as an alternative method for environmental effects monitoring (EEM) studies. Environmental pollution 124(3):471-483.
MCMASTER, ME; JL PARROTT & LM HEWITT. 2003. A Decade of Research on the Environmental Impacts of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent in Canada (1992-2002). National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario. NWRI Scientific Assessment Report Series No. 4. 84 Pp.
MCMASTER, ME; LM HEWITT & JL PARROTT. 2006. A decade of research on the environmental impacts of pulp and paper mill effluent in Canada: field studies and echanistic research. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part B, Critical Reviews 9(4):313-339.
MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT. 2005. Ecosystems & Human Well-being: Synthesis Report. Island Press (MA, http://www.maweb.org).
MUNKITTRICK, KR; ME MCMASTER; CB PORTT; GJ VAN DER KRAAK; IR SMITH ET AL. 1992a. Changes in maturity, plasma sex steroids levels, hepatic mixed-function oxygenase activity, and the presence of external lesions in lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci 49:1560-1569.
MUNKITTRICK, KR; GJ VAN DER KRAAK; ME MCMASTER & CB PORTT. 1992b. Response of hepatic MFO activity and plasma sex steroids to secondary treatment of bleached kraft pulp mill effluent and mill shutdown. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11:1427-1439.
MUNKITTRICK, KR; ME MCMASTER; G VAN DER KRAAK; C PORTT, WN GIBBONS ET AL. 2000. Development of Methods for Effects-Based Cumulative Effects Assessment Using Fish Populations: Moose River Project. SETAC Press. Pensacola, FL. 236 Pp.
MYERS, JP & JS REICHERT. 1997. Perspectives on Nature’s Services. Pp. 17-20 en: Daily, G (ed.). Nature’s Services. Island Press, Washington DC, USA.
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2008-12-01
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Altesor, A., Eguren, G., Mazzeo, N., Panario, D., & Rodríguez, C. (2008). Effects of pulp industry effluents: certainties and doubts. Ecología Austral, 18(3), 291–303. Retrieved from https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1376
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