Effect of anthropogenic disturbances on the structure and composition of Pilgerodendron uviferum stands of the Chilean Coastal Range
Keywords:
plant communities, ordination, water logging, vegetation clasificationAbstract
The influence of anthropogenic disturbances on the structure and composition of four communities of Pilgerodendron uviferum in the northernmost portion of the Chilean Coastal range was studied. For each site, three 400 m2 plots per community were established to characterize the structure and to quantify the regeneration and vegetation cover. With this information, the Importance Value for the overstorey and the understorey species of each site was calculated. Correspondence Analysis was used for the ordination of sites based on the Importance Values. The ordination results were used for a Discriminant Analysis to classify the vegetation according to disturbance degree. The results showed that the regeneration of P. uviferum is associated with the most disturbed sites (those with loss of structure or more open). On the other hand, the undisturbed sites had poor regeneration and were associated to species less tolerant to high soil moisture. Our results suggest that in these northern stands, P. uviferum needs open sites with wet soils to regenerate and to persist in the ecosystem.
References
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ARMESTO, JJ; C VILLAGRÁN & C DONOSO. 1994. Desde la era glacial a la industrial: la historia del bosque templado chileno. Ambiente & Desarrollo 10:66-72.
ARTURI, MF; JJ FERRANDO; JF GOYA; PF YAPURA & JL FRANGI. 2001. Tendencias espaciales de la regeneración de Austrocedrus chilensis en la relación con el dosel arbóreo. Ecol. Aust. 11:31-38.
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DRURY, WH & ICT NISBET. 1973. Succession. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum Harvard University 54:331-368.
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FRAVER, S; ME GONZALEZ; F SILLA; A LARA & MF GARDNER. 1999. Composition and structure of remnant Fiztroya cupressoides forests of southern Chile’s central Depression. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 126:49-57.
GUTIÉRREZ AG; JJ ARMESTO & JC ARAVENA. 2004. Disturbance and regeneration dynamics of and old-growth North Patagonian rain forests in Chiloé Island, Chile. J. Ecol. 92:598-608.
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LUSK, CH. 1996. Gradient analysis and disturbance history of temperate rain forests of the coast range summit plateau. Rev. Chi. His. Nat. 69:401-411.
MATEUCCI, S & A COLMA. 1982. Metodología para el estudio de la vegetación. OEA. Washington D.C., USA.
MARTICORENA, C & M QUEZADA. 1985. Catálogo de la flora vascular de Chile. Gayana Bot. 42:1-157.
MARTÍNEZ, O. 1981. Flora y fitosociología de un relicto de Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florín, en el Fundo San Pablo de Tregua (Valdivia-Chile). Bosque 4(1):3-11.
MARTÍNEZ, O & AM MUÑOZ. 1988. Aspectos conservativos de las coníferas chilenas. Bosque 9(2):77-82.
MYERS N; RA MITTERMEIR; CG MITTERMEIR; GA DA FONCECA & J KENT. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853-858.
PICKETT, STA; SL COLLINS & JJ ARMESTO. 1987. Models, mechanisms and pathways of succession. Bot. Rev. 53:335-371.
PLAZA, JL. 2001. Dinámica de renovales de Ciprés de las Guaitecas (Pilgerodendron uviferum [D. Don] Florín) en la zona de Lago Vargas, Provincia de Capitán Prat, XI Región. Tesis de Grado. Universidad Austral de Chile. Valdivia.
PREMOLÍ A; C SOUTO; A ROVERE; T ALLNUTT & AC NEWTON. 2002. Patterns of isozyme variation as indicators of biogeographic history in Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florin. Diversity Distr. 8:57-66.
RAMÍREZ, C; F FERRIERE & H FIGUEROA. 1983. Estudio fitosociológico de los bosques pantanosos templados del sur de Chile. Rev. Chile. Hist. Nat. 56:11-26.
RAMÍREZ, C & H FIGUEROA. 1985. Delimitación ecosociológica del bosque valdiviano (Chile) mediante análisis estadístico multivariados. Studia Oecologia 6:105-124.
RICKLEFS, RE. 2004. A comprenhensive framework for global patterns in biodiversity. Ecol. Lett. 7:1-15.
ROVERE, A; A PREMOLÍ & AC NEWTON. 2002. Estado de conservación del Ciprés de las Guaitecas (Pilgerodendron uviferum [D. Don] Florín) en la Argentina. Bosque 23(1):11-19.
RUNKLE, J; G STEWART & J MCCLENEHEN. 1997. Temporal changes in height and diameter growth for two Nothofagus species in New Zealand. J. Veg. Sci. 8:437-446.
SALDAÑA, A & CH LUSK. 2003. Influencia de las especies del dosel en la disponibilidad de recursos y la regeneración avanzada en un bosque templados lluvioso del sur de Chile. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 76:639-650.
SOTO, DP & PJ DONOSO. 2006. Patrones de regeneración en renovales de Drimys winteri en el centro-norte de la Isla de Chiloé: cambios de acuerdo al tamaño y densidad relativa. Bosque 27(3):241-249.
SOTO, DP; C LE QUESNE; A LARA & MF GARDNER. 2007. Precarious conservation status of Pilgerodendron uviferum (Cupressaceae) forests, at their northern limit in the Chilean Coast Range. Bosque 28(3):263-270.
SZEICZ, J; SG HABERLE & KD BENNETT. 2003. Dynamics of North Patagonian rainforest from fine-resolution pollen, charcoal and tree-ring analysis, Chonos Archipielago, Southern Chile. Austral Ecol. 28:413-422.
TAKENE, Y; H YANAI & S MAYEKAWA. 1991. Relationship among several methods of linearly constrained correspondence analysis. Psychometrika 56:667-684.
TER BRAAK, CJ. 1985. Correspondence analysis of incidence and abundance data: properties in terms of a unimodal response model. Biometrics 41:859-873.
TER BRAAK, CJ. 1996. Unimodal models to relate species to environment. DLO-Agricultural Mathematics Group. Wageningen, the Netherlands.
TER BRAAK , CJ & J VERDONSHOT. 1994. Canonical correspondence analysis and related multivariate methods in aquatic ecology. Aquatic Sci. 57:255-289.
VEBLEN, TT; BR BURNS; T KITZBERGER; A LARA & R VILLALBA. 1995. The ecology of the conifers of southern South America. Pp. 120-155 en: NJ Enright & RS Hill (eds.). Ecology of the Southern Conifers. Melbourne University Press. Carlton, Victoria.
VEBLEN, TT; T KITZBERGER; BR BURNS & AJ REBERTUS. 1997. Perturbaciones y dinamica de regeneracion en bosques andinos del sur de Chile y Argentina. Pp. 169-198 in: JJ Armesto; C Villagrán & MK Arroyo (eds.). Ecología de los Bosques nativos de Chile. Editorial Universitaria. Santiago, Chile.
VEBLEN, TT; T KITZBERGER & R VILLALBA. 2004. Nuevos paradigmas en ecología y su influencia sobre el conocimiento de la dinámica de bosques del sur de Argentina y Chile. Pp. 1-48, en: MF Arturi; JL Frangi & JF Goya (eds.). Ecología y manejo de bosques nativos de Argentina. Editorial Universidad Nacional de la Plata. La Plata, Argentina.
VILLAGRÁN, C. 1991. Historia de los bosques del sur de Chile durante el Tardiglacial y Potglacial. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 64:447-460.
WALTER, KS & HJ GILLETT. 1998. 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. IUCN. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge.
WEINBERGER, P. 1997. Definición de grupos ecológicos en formaciones boscosas siempreverdes de la zona austral de Chile. Bosque 18(2):29-41.
ARMESTO, JJ; JC ARAVENA; C VILLAGRÁN; C PEREZ & GG PARKER. 1997. Bosques templados de la Cordillera de la Costa. Pp.199-213 en: JJ Armesto; C Villagrán & MK Arroyo (eds.). Ecología de los Bosques nativos de Chile. Editorial Universitaria. Santiago de Chile, Chile.
ARMESTO, JJ & ST PICKETT. 1985. Experiment on disturbance in old-field plant communities: impact on species richness and abundance. Ecology 66:230-240.
ARMESTO, JJ; C VILLAGRÁN & C DONOSO. 1994. Desde la era glacial a la industrial: la historia del bosque templado chileno. Ambiente & Desarrollo 10:66-72.
ARTURI, MF; JJ FERRANDO; JF GOYA; PF YAPURA & JL FRANGI. 2001. Tendencias espaciales de la regeneración de Austrocedrus chilensis en la relación con el dosel arbóreo. Ecol. Aust. 11:31-38.
BANNISTER, JR. 2004. Estado de conservación de Ciprés de las Guaitecas en el área norte de la Cordillera de Pirulíl, Isla grande de Chiloé. Tesis de Grado. Universidad Austral de Chile. Valdivia.
BARBOUR, M; J BURK & W PITTS. 1987. Terrestrial plant Ecology. The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. California, USA.
CARNES, BA & NA SLADE. 1982. Some comments on niche analysis in canonical space. Ecology 63:888-893.
CONAF. 2000. Plan de Ordenación de la Reserva Forestal Valdivia. CONAF-GTZ, Valdivia, Chile.
CRUZ, G & A LARA. 1981. Tipificación, cambio de estructura y normas de manejo para Ciprés de las Guaitecas (Pilgerodendron uviferum [D. Don] Florín) en la Isla Grande de Chiloé. Tesis de grado, Universidad de Chile. Santiago.
CURTIS, JT & RP MCINTOSH. 1951. An unpland forest continum in the Prairie-Forest Border Region of Wisconsin. Ecology 32:476-496.
DI CASTRI, F & ER HAYEK. 1976. Bioclimatología de Chile. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago.
DONOSO, C. 1993. Bosques Templados de Chile y Argentina. Variación, estructura y dinámica. Editorial Universitaria. Santiago, Chile.
DONOSO, C & A LARA. 1999. Silvicultura de los Bosques nativos de Chile. Editorial Universitaria. Santiago, Chile.
DONOSO, PJ; DP SOTO & RA BERTIN. 2007. Size-density relationships in Drimys winteri secondary forests of the Chiloé Island: effects of physiography and species composition. For. Ecol. Manage. 239:120-127.
DRURY, WH & ICT NISBET. 1973. Succession. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum Harvard University 54:331-368.
ECHEVERRÍA, C.; D COOMES; J SALAS; JM REY-BENAYAS; A LARA & AC NEWTON. 2006. Rapid deforestation and fragmentation of chilean temperate forests. Biol. Conser. 191:481-494.
ECHEVERRÍA, C; AC NEWTON; A LARA; JM REY-BENAYAS & DA COOMES. 2007. Impact of forest fragmentation on species composition and structure in temperate landscape of southern Chile. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 16:426-439.
FAO-UNESCO. 1971. Soil map of the world. South America, IV. Paris.
FIGUEROA, JA & JF HERNÁNDEZ. 2001. Seed germination responses in a temperate rain forest of Chiloé, Chile: effects of a gap and tree canopy. Ecol. Aust. 11:39-47.
FRAVER, S; ME GONZALEZ; F SILLA; A LARA & MF GARDNER. 1999. Composition and structure of remnant Fiztroya cupressoides forests of southern Chile’s central Depression. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 126:49-57.
GUTIÉRREZ AG; JJ ARMESTO & JC ARAVENA. 2004. Disturbance and regeneration dynamics of and old-growth North Patagonian rain forests in Chiloé Island, Chile. J. Ecol. 92:598-608.
GREIG-SMITH, P. 1983. Quantitative Plant Ecology. University of California Press. Berkeley, California, USA.
HABERLE, SG; J SZEICZ J & KD BENNETT. 2000. Late Holecene vegetation dynamics and lake geochemistry at Laguna Miranda, Region XI, Chile. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 73:655-669.
HILTON-TAYLOR, C. 2000. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge.
HECHENLETINER, P; MF GARDNER; PI THOMAS; C ECHEVERRIA; B ESCOBAR; P BROWNLESS ET AL. 2005. Plantas amenazadas del centro-sur de Chile: distribución, conservación y propagación. UACH- RBGE. Valdivia, Chile.
JAMES, FC & CE MCCULLACH. 1990. Multivariate analysis in ecology and systematic: panacea or Pandora`s box. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21:129-166.
JONGMAN, RH; CJ TER BRAAK; OF VAN TONGEREN. 1995. Data analysis in community and landscape ecology. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.
KNAPP, R. 1984. Considerations on qualitative parameters and qualitative attributes in vegetation analysis and in phytosociological releves. Pp. 77-119, en: R Knapp (ed). Sampling methods and taxon analysis in vegetation Science. Dr. W. Junk Pub. La Haya.
LARA, A; C DONOSO; B ESCOBAR; AE ROVERE; AC PREMOLI; DP SOTO ET AL. 2006. Pilgerodendron uviferum D. Don Florin. En: C Donoso (ed). Autoecología de las especies arbóreas de Chile y Argentina. Cunneo ediciones. Valdivia, Chile.
LARA, A; S FRAVER; JC ARAVENA & A WOLODARSKY- FRANKE. 1999. Fire and the dynamics of Fitzroya cupressoides (alerce) forests of Chile’s Cordillera Pelada. Ecoscience 6(1):100-109.
LUSK, CH. 1996. Gradient analysis and disturbance history of temperate rain forests of the coast range summit plateau. Rev. Chi. His. Nat. 69:401-411.
MATEUCCI, S & A COLMA. 1982. Metodología para el estudio de la vegetación. OEA. Washington D.C., USA.
MARTICORENA, C & M QUEZADA. 1985. Catálogo de la flora vascular de Chile. Gayana Bot. 42:1-157.
MARTÍNEZ, O. 1981. Flora y fitosociología de un relicto de Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florín, en el Fundo San Pablo de Tregua (Valdivia-Chile). Bosque 4(1):3-11.
MARTÍNEZ, O & AM MUÑOZ. 1988. Aspectos conservativos de las coníferas chilenas. Bosque 9(2):77-82.
MYERS N; RA MITTERMEIR; CG MITTERMEIR; GA DA FONCECA & J KENT. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853-858.
PICKETT, STA; SL COLLINS & JJ ARMESTO. 1987. Models, mechanisms and pathways of succession. Bot. Rev. 53:335-371.
PLAZA, JL. 2001. Dinámica de renovales de Ciprés de las Guaitecas (Pilgerodendron uviferum [D. Don] Florín) en la zona de Lago Vargas, Provincia de Capitán Prat, XI Región. Tesis de Grado. Universidad Austral de Chile. Valdivia.
PREMOLÍ A; C SOUTO; A ROVERE; T ALLNUTT & AC NEWTON. 2002. Patterns of isozyme variation as indicators of biogeographic history in Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florin. Diversity Distr. 8:57-66.
RAMÍREZ, C; F FERRIERE & H FIGUEROA. 1983. Estudio fitosociológico de los bosques pantanosos templados del sur de Chile. Rev. Chile. Hist. Nat. 56:11-26.
RAMÍREZ, C & H FIGUEROA. 1985. Delimitación ecosociológica del bosque valdiviano (Chile) mediante análisis estadístico multivariados. Studia Oecologia 6:105-124.
RICKLEFS, RE. 2004. A comprenhensive framework for global patterns in biodiversity. Ecol. Lett. 7:1-15.
ROVERE, A; A PREMOLÍ & AC NEWTON. 2002. Estado de conservación del Ciprés de las Guaitecas (Pilgerodendron uviferum [D. Don] Florín) en la Argentina. Bosque 23(1):11-19.
RUNKLE, J; G STEWART & J MCCLENEHEN. 1997. Temporal changes in height and diameter growth for two Nothofagus species in New Zealand. J. Veg. Sci. 8:437-446.
SALDAÑA, A & CH LUSK. 2003. Influencia de las especies del dosel en la disponibilidad de recursos y la regeneración avanzada en un bosque templados lluvioso del sur de Chile. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 76:639-650.
SOTO, DP & PJ DONOSO. 2006. Patrones de regeneración en renovales de Drimys winteri en el centro-norte de la Isla de Chiloé: cambios de acuerdo al tamaño y densidad relativa. Bosque 27(3):241-249.
SOTO, DP; C LE QUESNE; A LARA & MF GARDNER. 2007. Precarious conservation status of Pilgerodendron uviferum (Cupressaceae) forests, at their northern limit in the Chilean Coast Range. Bosque 28(3):263-270.
SZEICZ, J; SG HABERLE & KD BENNETT. 2003. Dynamics of North Patagonian rainforest from fine-resolution pollen, charcoal and tree-ring analysis, Chonos Archipielago, Southern Chile. Austral Ecol. 28:413-422.
TAKENE, Y; H YANAI & S MAYEKAWA. 1991. Relationship among several methods of linearly constrained correspondence analysis. Psychometrika 56:667-684.
TER BRAAK, CJ. 1985. Correspondence analysis of incidence and abundance data: properties in terms of a unimodal response model. Biometrics 41:859-873.
TER BRAAK, CJ. 1996. Unimodal models to relate species to environment. DLO-Agricultural Mathematics Group. Wageningen, the Netherlands.
TER BRAAK , CJ & J VERDONSHOT. 1994. Canonical correspondence analysis and related multivariate methods in aquatic ecology. Aquatic Sci. 57:255-289.
VEBLEN, TT; BR BURNS; T KITZBERGER; A LARA & R VILLALBA. 1995. The ecology of the conifers of southern South America. Pp. 120-155 en: NJ Enright & RS Hill (eds.). Ecology of the Southern Conifers. Melbourne University Press. Carlton, Victoria.
VEBLEN, TT; T KITZBERGER; BR BURNS & AJ REBERTUS. 1997. Perturbaciones y dinamica de regeneracion en bosques andinos del sur de Chile y Argentina. Pp. 169-198 in: JJ Armesto; C Villagrán & MK Arroyo (eds.). Ecología de los Bosques nativos de Chile. Editorial Universitaria. Santiago, Chile.
VEBLEN, TT; T KITZBERGER & R VILLALBA. 2004. Nuevos paradigmas en ecología y su influencia sobre el conocimiento de la dinámica de bosques del sur de Argentina y Chile. Pp. 1-48, en: MF Arturi; JL Frangi & JF Goya (eds.). Ecología y manejo de bosques nativos de Argentina. Editorial Universidad Nacional de la Plata. La Plata, Argentina.
VILLAGRÁN, C. 1991. Historia de los bosques del sur de Chile durante el Tardiglacial y Potglacial. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 64:447-460.
WALTER, KS & HJ GILLETT. 1998. 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. IUCN. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge.
WEINBERGER, P. 1997. Definición de grupos ecológicos en formaciones boscosas siempreverdes de la zona austral de Chile. Bosque 18(2):29-41.
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2008-04-01
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Soto, D. P., & Figueroa, H. (2008). Effect of anthropogenic disturbances on the structure and composition of Pilgerodendron uviferum stands of the Chilean Coastal Range. Ecología Austral, 18(1), 013–025. Retrieved from https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1394
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