Seedling recruitment of Austrocedrus chilensis in relation to cattle use, microsite environment and forest disease
Keywords:
forest decline, “mal del ciprés”, natural regeneration, site effectAbstract
The forests of Austrocedrus chilensis in the Patagonian Andes suffer a disease known as “mal del ciprés”. The purpose of this work was to identify the relationship between A. chilensis seedling recruitment and disturbances (i.e., disease and cattle grazing), and to identify associations between seedling recruitment and microsite characteristics related to the disturbances. Eighteen sites with “mal del ciprés” were selected for study. In each site, symptomatic and asymptomatic plots were established and characterized. Five control sites, where the disease was totally absent, were also included. Cattle use and disease were negatively associated with A. chilensis natural regeneration. Both disturbances seemed to act synergically. In control sites the abundance of seedlings was never null and reached greater values with low cattle use. In symptomatic and asymptomatic plots of diseased forests, seedling abundance tended to be lower than in control forests and was generally null when cattle use was high. The disease was associated with microsite features such as low canopy cover, organic horizon thickness and high understory cover. Although these site conditions were negatively associated with seedling abundance, they could not completely explain the variation found in seedling recruitment.
References
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BUCKLEY, D; T SHARIK & J ISEBRANDS. 1998. Regeneration of northern red oak: positive and negative effects of competitor removal. Ecology 79: 65–78.
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COLMET DÂAGE, F; M LANCIOTTI & A MARCOLÍN. 1995. Importancia Forestal de los suelos volcánicos de la Patagonia Norte y Central. INTA, Bariloche.
CONSTANTINO, I & A PAPARA. 1953. El bosque y la ganadería. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Buenos Aires.
DÍAZ-VAZ, J. 1985. Austrocedrus chilensis: descripción anatómica. Bosque 6:49-50.
DONOSO, C. 1982. Reseña ecológica de los bosques mediterráneos de Chile. Bosque 4:117-146.
FIELDES, M & K PERROT. 1966. The nature of allophane in soils Part 3: rapid field and laboratory test for allophane. N Z J Sci 9:623-629.
FILIP, G & P ROSSO. 1999. Cypress mortality (mal del ciprés) in the Patagonian Andes: comparisons with similar forest diseases and declines in North America. Eur J For Path 29:89-96.
GIBSON, D & R GOOD. 1987. The seedling habitat of Pinus echinata and Melampyrum lineare in oak-pine forest of New Jersey Pinelands. Oikos 49:91-100.
GOBBI, M. 1992. Condiciones para la regeneración natural del ciprés de la cordillera (Austrocedrus chilensis) en áreas incendiadas. In: Abstracts II Congreso Latinoamericano de Ecología, Brasil.
GOBBI, M. 1999a. Austrocedrus chilensis management: effects on microsites and regeneration. J Ecol Environ Sci 25:71-83.
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GOBBI, M & L SANCHOLUZ. 1992. Regeneración post- incendio del ciprés de la cordillera (Austrocedrus chilensis) en los primeros años. Bosque 13:25-32.
GOBBI, M & T SCHLICHTER. 1998. Survival of Austrocedrus chilensis seedlings in relation to microsite conditions and forest thinning. For Ecol Manage 111:137-146.
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JUNG, T & G DOBLER. 2002. First Report of Littleleaf Disease Caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi on Pinus occidentalis in the Dominican Republic. Plant disease 86(11):1275.
KEELEY, J. 1992. Recruitment of Seedlings and Vegetative Sprouts in Unburned Chaparral. Ecology 73:1194–1208.
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LA MANNA, L & M RAJCHENBERG. 2004b. Soil properties and Austrocedrus chilensis decline in Central Patagonia, Argentina. Plant and Soil 263:29-41.
LA MANNA, L, J BAVA, M COLLANTES & M RAJCHENBERG. 2006. Características estructurales de los bosques de Austrocedrus chilensis afectados por «mal del ciprés» en Patagonia, Argentina. Bosque 27:135-145.
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BACCALÁ, N; P ROSSO & M HAVRYLENKO. 1998. Austrocedrus chilensis mortality in the Nahuel Huapi National Park (Argentina). For Ecol Manage 109: 261-269.
BARROETAVEÑA, C & M RAJCHENBERG. 1996. Hongos Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycetes) que causan pudriciones en Austrocedrus chilensis en pie. Bol Soc Argent Bot 31: 201-216.
BUCKLEY, D; T SHARIK & J ISEBRANDS. 1998. Regeneration of northern red oak: positive and negative effects of competitor removal. Ecology 79: 65–78.
BRAN, D; A PÉREZ; D BARRIOS; M PASTORINO & J AYESA. 2002. Eco-región valdiviana: distribución actual de los bosques de “ciprés de la cordillera” (Austrocedrus chilensis) – Escala 1:250.000. INTA, APN, FVSA, Bariloche.
CALÍ, S. 1996. Austrocedrus chilensis: estudio de los anillos de crecimiento y su relación con la dinámica del “Mal del ciprés” en el P.N. Nahuel Huapi, Argentina. Dissertation, Universidad Nacional del Comahue.
COLMET DÂAGE, F; M LANCIOTTI & A MARCOLÍN. 1995. Importancia Forestal de los suelos volcánicos de la Patagonia Norte y Central. INTA, Bariloche.
CONSTANTINO, I & A PAPARA. 1953. El bosque y la ganadería. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Buenos Aires.
DÍAZ-VAZ, J. 1985. Austrocedrus chilensis: descripción anatómica. Bosque 6:49-50.
DONOSO, C. 1982. Reseña ecológica de los bosques mediterráneos de Chile. Bosque 4:117-146.
FIELDES, M & K PERROT. 1966. The nature of allophane in soils Part 3: rapid field and laboratory test for allophane. N Z J Sci 9:623-629.
FILIP, G & P ROSSO. 1999. Cypress mortality (mal del ciprés) in the Patagonian Andes: comparisons with similar forest diseases and declines in North America. Eur J For Path 29:89-96.
GIBSON, D & R GOOD. 1987. The seedling habitat of Pinus echinata and Melampyrum lineare in oak-pine forest of New Jersey Pinelands. Oikos 49:91-100.
GOBBI, M. 1992. Condiciones para la regeneración natural del ciprés de la cordillera (Austrocedrus chilensis) en áreas incendiadas. In: Abstracts II Congreso Latinoamericano de Ecología, Brasil.
GOBBI, M. 1999a. Austrocedrus chilensis management: effects on microsites and regeneration. J Ecol Environ Sci 25:71-83.
GOBBI, M. 1999b. Aspectos ecológicos del manejo productivo de bosques puros y densos de Austrocedrus chilensis. Dissertation, Universidad Nacional del Comahue.
GOBBI, M & L SANCHOLUZ. 1992. Regeneración post- incendio del ciprés de la cordillera (Austrocedrus chilensis) en los primeros años. Bosque 13:25-32.
GOBBI, M & T SCHLICHTER. 1998. Survival of Austrocedrus chilensis seedlings in relation to microsite conditions and forest thinning. For Ecol Manage 111:137-146.
GOHEEN, D; P ANGWIN; R SNIEZKO & K MARSHALL. 2005. Port-orford-cedar root disease in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. In: http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/dorena/documents/publications/pub104.pdf
GRESLEBIN, A; E HANSEN; L WINTON L & M RAJCHENBERG. 2005. Phytophthora species from declining Austrocedrus chilensis forests in Patagonia, Argentina. Mycologia 97:218-228.
GRESLEBIN, A & E HANSEN. 2007. La causa del “mal del ciprés”. Patagonia Forestal 13(1): 5-8.
GRESLEBIN, A; E HANSEN & W SUTTON. 2007. Phytophthora austrocedrae sp. nov., a new species associated with Austrocedrus chilensis mortality in Patagonia (Argentina). Mycological Research 11(3):308-316.
HANSEN, EM. 2000. Phytophthora in the Americas. In: Hansen, EM & W Sutton (Eds.), First International Meeting on Phytophtoras in Forest and Wildland Ecosystems, Phytophthora Diseases of Forest Trees. Grant Pass, Oregon, USA, Aug.30-Sep.3, 1997, pp. 23-27.
HAVRYLENKO, M; P ROSSO & S FONTENLA. 1989. Austrocedrus chilensis: contribución al estudio de su mortalidad en Argentina. Bosque 10: 29-36.
HORSLEY, S; R LONG; S BAILEY; R HALLET & T HALL. 2000. Factors associated with the decline disease of sugar maple on the Allegheny Plateau. Can J For Res 30:1365-1378.
HRANILOVIC, S. 1988. Informe histórico sobre el mal del ciprés de la cordillera (Austrocedrus chilensis). Rev Asoc For Arg 42:58-62.
IRISARRI, J. 2000. La propuesta de reclasificación de los Andepts de Argentina, de acuerdo al Orden Andisoles. In: Abstracts of the Workshop Soil Taxonomy, INTA, AICET, AACS, Buenos Aires.
JUNG, T & G DOBLER. 2002. First Report of Littleleaf Disease Caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi on Pinus occidentalis in the Dominican Republic. Plant disease 86(11):1275.
KEELEY, J. 1992. Recruitment of Seedlings and Vegetative Sprouts in Unburned Chaparral. Ecology 73:1194–1208.
KITZBERGER, T; D STEINAKER & T VEBLEN. 2000. Effects of climatic variability on facilitation of tree establishment in northern Patagonia. Ecology 81(7): 1914-1924.
KOZLOWSKI T; P KRAMER & S PALLARDY. 1991. The Physiological Ecology of Woody Plants. Academic Press, San Diego.
LA MANNA, L. 2005a. Caracterización de los suelos bajo bosque de Austrocedrus chilensis a través de un gradiente climático y topográfico en Chubut, Argentina. Bosque 26:137-153.
LA MANNA, L. 2005b. La declinación de los bosques de Austrocedrus chilensis: relación entre el «mal del ciprés» y el sitio. Ph. D. Dissertation, Universidad de Buenos Aires.
LA MANNA, L & F CARABELLI. 2005. Distribución espacial de la declinación de los bosques de Austrocedrus chilensis en el Valle 16 de octubre (Chubut, Argentina). In: Abstracts I Jornadas Argentinas de Ecología de Paisajes, Buenos Aires.
LA MANNA, L & A GRESLEBIN. 2005. Estudio de los suelos y de las especies de Phytophthora en relación al mal del ciprés. Actas I Reunión sobre Ecología, Conservación y Uso de los bosques de ciprés de la cordillera, Esquel, 28 al 30 de Abril de 2005. pp. 95-100.
LA MANNA, L & M RAJCHENBERG. 2004a. The decline of Austrocedrus chilensis forests in Patagonia, Argentina: soil features as predisposing factors. For Ecol Manage 190:345-357.
LA MANNA, L & M RAJCHENBERG. 2004b. Soil properties and Austrocedrus chilensis decline in Central Patagonia, Argentina. Plant and Soil 263:29-41.
LA MANNA, L, J BAVA, M COLLANTES & M RAJCHENBERG. 2006. Características estructurales de los bosques de Austrocedrus chilensis afectados por «mal del ciprés» en Patagonia, Argentina. Bosque 27:135-145.
LEMMON, P. 1956. A spherical densiometer for estimating forest overstory density. For Sci 1:314-320.
LING, A. & M ASHMORE. 1999. Influence of tree health on ground flora in the Chiltern Beechwoods, England. For Ecol Manage 119:77- 88.
LOGUERCIO, G; P BURSCHEL & M REY. 1999. El bosque de Ciprés de la Cordillera: su conservación y uso. Centro Forestal CIEFAP, Esquel.
MAKARENKOV, V & P LEGENDRE. 2002. Nonlinear redundancy analysis and canonical correspondence analysis based on polynomial regression. Ecology 83:1146–1161.
MANION, P. 1991. Tree disease concepts. 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, New York.
MANION, P & D LACHANCE. 1992. Forest Decline Concepts. APS The American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul.
MATTEUCCI, S & A COLMA. 1982. Metodología para el estudio de la vegetación. The General Secretariat of the Organization of American States, Washington DC.
MUELLER-DOMBOIS, D. 1992. A natural dieback theory, cohort senescence as an alternative to the decline disease theory. In: Manion P & D Lachance (eds) Forest Decline Concepts. The American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul.
PALIK, B; RJ MITCHELL; S PECOT; M BATTAGLIA & M PU. 2003. Spatial distribution of overstory retention influences resources and growth of longleaf pine seedlings. Ecol Appl 13:674–686.
PEARSON, T; D BURSLEM; C MULLINS & J DALLING. 2002. Germination ecology of neotropical pioneers: interacting effects of environmental conditions and seed size. Ecology 83:2798–2807.
PRICE, J & J MORGAN. 2003. Mechanisms controlling establishment of the non-bradysporous Banksia integrifolia (Coast Banksia) in an unburnt coastal woodland. Austral Ecol 28:82-92.
RAFFAELE, E & M GOBBI. 1996. Seed bank composition and variability in Austrocedrus chilensis forest sites in Patagonia, Argentina. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 22:59-72.
RAJCHENBERG, M & P CWIELONG. 1993. El mal del ciprés (Austrocedrus chilensis): su relación con las pudriciones radiculares y el sitio. In: Abstracts Congreso Forestal Argentino y Latinoamericano, Paraná.
RAJCHENBERG, M; C BARROETAVEÑA; P CWIELONG; M ROSSINI; D CABRAL & A SÍVORI. 1998. Fungal species associated with the decline of Austrocedrus hilensis in Patagonia, Argentina: preliminary results. In: Delatour, L; J Guillaumin; B Lung-Escarmant & B Marçais (eds). Proceedings 9th Int. Congr. on Root and butt Rots, Carcans, France. Les Colloques 89:235-244.
RAMSEY, F & D SCHAFER. 1997. The Statistical Sleuth: a course in methods of data analysis. Duxbury Press, Belmond.
RAO, C. 1973. Linear statistical inference and its applications. 2nd ed. Wiley, New York
RELVA, MA. 1999. Efectos del ramoneo sobre la regeneración del bosque de ciprés de la cordillera (Austrocedrus chilensis). PhD. Dissertation, Universidad Nacional del Comahue.
RELVA, M & L SANCHOLUZ. 2000. Effects of simulated browsing on the growth of Austrocedrus chilensis saplings. Plant Ecol 151:121-127.
RELVA, M & VEBLEN, T. 1998. Impacts of introduced large herbivores on Austrocedrus chilensis forests in northern Patagonia, Argentina. For Ecol Manage 108:27-40.
ROVERE, A. 2000. Condiciones ambientales de la regeneración del ciprés de la cordillera (Austrocedrus chilensis). Bosque 21:57-64
SCHMALTZ, J. 1992. La reconquista de la estepa por el bosque de ciprés. Publicación técnica No 11. CIEFAP, Esquel.
SMITH, D; B LARSON; M KELTY & P ASHTON. 1997. The practice of silviculture. Applied forest ecology. 9th ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
TER BRAAK, CJ & P SMILAUER. 1998. CANOCO reference manual and user ́s guide to CANOCO for Windows. Software Canonical community ordination (version 4). Microcomputer power, Ithaca.
URRETAVIZCAYA, MF. 2006. Restauración postfuego de bosques de ciprés de la cordillera: comportamiento de distintos plantines a 4 y a 5 años de su plantación. In: Abstracts II Reunión Patagónica sobre Ecología y Manejo del Fuego, Esquel, 25-28 April 2006.
URRETAVIZCAYA, MF & GE DEFOSSÉ. 2004. Soil seed bank of Austrocedrus chilensis (D. Don) Pic. Sern. et Bizarri related to different degrees of fire disturbance in two sites of southern Patagonia, Argentina. For Ecol Manage 187:361-372.
URRETAVIZCAYA, MF; GE DEFOSSÉ & HE GONDA. 2005. Short-term effects of fire on plant cover and soil conditions in two Austrocedrus chilensis (cypress) forests in Patagonia, Argentina. Ann For Sci 63:63-71.
VEBLEN, TT & DC LORENZ. 1987. Post-fire stand development of Austrocedrus-Nothofagus forests in Patagonia. Vegetatio 73:113-126.
VEBLEN, TT; T KITZBERGER & A LARA. 1992. Disturbance and forest dynamics along a transect from Andean rain forest to Patagonian shrubland. J Veg Sci 3:507-520.
VEBLEN, TT; BR BURNS; T KITZBERGER; A LARA & R VILLALBA. 1995. The ecology of the conifers of southern South America. In: Enright N & R Hill (eds) Ecology of the southern conifers. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.
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2008-04-01
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La Manna, L., Collantes, M., Bava, J., & Rajchenberg, M. (2008). Seedling recruitment of Austrocedrus chilensis in relation to cattle use, microsite environment and forest disease. Ecología Austral, 18(1), 027–041. Retrieved from https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1395
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