Modificaciones al suelo realizadas por hormigas cortadoras de hojas (Formicidae, Attini): una revisión de sus efectos sobre la vegetación
Abstract
Leaf-cutting ants (Atta and Acromyrmex) are known by their defoliating capacity, and are considered as one of the main pests in tropical and subtropical America. The objective of this review is to analyze the effects of ants on soil structure and chemistry, and its consequences on vegetation patterns. These consequences are product of a series of related processes. Ant nest construction and the storage of plant material modify physical and chemical soil properties and produce a great concentration of organic matter. These modifications are reflected in an increase of nutrient concentration which generates vegetation patterns related to the nests. The importance of these processes in environments with a high density of ant nests and impoverished soils is discussed.
References
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Amante, E. 1964. Nota previa sobre a estrutura do ninho de una nova formiga saúva (Atta sp.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Biológico 30:96-97.
Amante, E. 1967. Prejuizos causados pela formiga saúva emplantacoes de Eucalyptus e Pinus no estado de Sao Paulo. Silvicultura em Sao Paulo 6:355-363.
Andersen, A. 1982. Seed Removal by Ants in the Malle of North western Victoria. En Ant-Plant Interactions in Australia. R.C.Buckley (Ed.). Dr. Junk Publishers, Netherlands.
Autori, M. 1942. Contribucao para o conhecimiento da saúva (Atta spp Hymenoptera-Formicidae) 3. Excavacao de um sauverio (Alta sexdens). Archivos do Instituo de Biológico. Sao Paulo 13:137- 148.
Autori, M. 1947. Combate a formiga saúva. Biológico 13:196-199.
Beattie, A.J. and D.C. Culver. 1977. Effects of the mound of the ant Formica obscuripes on the sourronding soil. The Am. Midl. Nat. 97:390-399.
Beattie, A.J. and D.C. Culver. 1981. The guild of myrmecochores in the herbaceus flora of West Virginia forest. Ecology 62:107-115.
Beattie, A.J. and D.C. Culver. 1982. Inhumation: how ants and other invertebrates help seeds. Nature 297:627.
Beattie, A.J. and D. C. Culver. 1983. The nest chemistry of two seed - dispersing ant species. Oecologia 56:99-103.
Bucher, E.H. y R.B. Zuccardi. 1967. Significación de los hormigueros de Atta volllenweideri Forel como alteradores del suelo en la provincia de Tucumán. Acta Zoológica Lilloana XX111:83-95.
Bucher, E.H. 1982. Chaco and Caatinga-South American Arid Savannas, Woodlands and Thickets. En Ecology of Tropical Savannas. B.J. Huntley y B.H. Walker (Eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlín.
Buckley, R.C. 1982. Ant-plant interactions: a world review. En Ant-plant interactions in Australia. Gcobotany 4. R. C. Buckley (Ed.). Dr W. Junk Publishers. Netherlands.
Belt, T. 1874. The Naturalist in Nicaragua. Bumpus, London, 306 pp.
Culver, D.C. and A.J. Beattie. 1983. Efects of ant mounds on soil chemistry and vegetation patterns in a Colorado Montane Meadow. Ecology 64:485-492.
Cherret, J.M. 1986. The economic importance and control of leaf-cutting ants. En Economic Impact and Control of Social Insects. S.B. Vinson (Ed.). Praegar Special Studies, USA.
Cherret, J.M. 1989. Leaf-cutting Ants, Biogeographical and Ecologycal Studies, 473-488. En Ecosystem of the world, Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem. H. Lieth and M.J. Werger (Eds.). Elsevier, New York.
Couthino, L.M. 1982. Aspectos ecológicos da saúva no cerrado. Osmurundus de tierra, as características psamofiticas das especies de sua vegetacao e a sua invasao pelo Capim Gordura. Rev. Brasil_ Biol. 42:147-153.
Couthino, L.M. 1984. Aspectos ecológicos da saúva no cerrado. A saúva, as queimadas e sua possivei relacao na ciclagem de nutrientes minerais. Bolm. Zool. Univ. S. Paulo 8:1-9.
Culver, D.C. and A.J. Beattie. 1983. Effects of ant mounds on soil chemistry and vegetation patterns in a Colorado Montane Meadow. Ecology 64:485-492.
Czerwinsky, Z., H. Jakubczykand J. Petal. 1969. The influence of ants of the genus Myrmyca on the pshysico-chemical and microbiological properties of soil within the compass of anthillsin the Strzeleckie meadows. Polish J. of Soil Sc. 1:51-58.
Daguerre, J. B. 1945. Hormigas del género Atta fabricius de la Argentina. Revista Soc. Entomolog. Arg. XII 438-460.
Darwin, C. 1882. The formation of vegetable mold, through the action of worms with observation on their habitats. D. Appleton & Cia., New York, 326 pp.
Elmes, G. W. and 1.C. Wardlaw. 1982. A population study ofthe ants Myrmyca sabuleti and Myrmyca scabrinodis living at two sites in the south of England. Il. Effect of above-nest vegetation. J. of Animal Ecol. 51:665-680.
Farji Brener, A.G. 1987. Patrones forrajeros de dos hormigas Cortadoras de hojas (Formicidae, Attini): su convivencia en simpatría en un bosque seco del Chaco Argentino. Tesis de Licenciatura. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Farji Brener, A.G. 1991. Dinámica de islas boscosas en una sabana-parque: la actividad de Ana laevigata (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) y su relación con la invasión de leñosas. Tesis de Maestría en Ecología Tropical. Centro de Investigaciones Ecólógicas de Los Andes Tropicales, Facultad de Ciencias, Mérida, Venezuela.
Fowler, H.G. 1977. Some factors influencing colony spacing and survival in the grass-cutting ant Acromyrmxr landolti fracticornis (Forel) (Formicidae, Attini) in Paraguay. Rev. Biol. Trop. 25:89-99.
Fowler, H.G. 1983. Latitudinal gradients and diversity ofthe leaf-cutting ants (Ana and Acromynnex)(Hymenoptera:Formicidae). Rev. Biol. Trop. 31:213-216.
Fowler, H.G. and B.L. Haines, 1983. Diversidad de Especies de Hormigas Cortadoras y Termitas de Túmulo en Cuanto a la Sucesión Vegetal en Praderas Paraguayas. En Social Insects in the Tropics. P. Jaisson (Ed.). Université Paris-Nord.
Fowler, H.G., L.C. Forti, V. Da-Silva y N.B. Saes. 1986x. Economics of grass-cutting ants. En Fire and Leaf-Cutting Ants: Biology and Management. S. Logfren y R.K. Vander Meer (Eds.) Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
Fowler, H.G. V. Da-Silva, L.C. Forti and N.B. Saes. 19866. Population Dynamics ofLeaf-Cutting Ants. En Fire and Leaf-Cutting Ants: Biology and Management. S. Logfren y R.K. Vander Meer (Eds.) Westview Press, Colorado.
Glover, P.E., E.C. Trump and C. Wateridge. 1964. Termitaria and vegetation patterns on the Loita. Plains of Kenya. J. Ecol. 52:267-377.
Gotwald, W.H. 1986. The Beneficial Economic Role of Ants. En Economic Impact and Control of Social insects. S.B. Vinson (Ed.). Praeger Special Studies. New York.
Haines, B.L. 1975. Impact of Leaf-Cutting Ants on Vegetation Development at Barro Colorado Island. En Tropical Ecologycal Systems, Trends in Terrestial and Aquatic Research. F.B. Goley and E. Medina (Eds.). Springer-Verlag, New York.
Haines, B.L. 1978. Element and energy flows through colonies of the leaf-cutting ant, Atta colombica, in Panama. Biotropica 10:270-277.
Hölldobler, B. y E.O. Wilson. 1990. The Ants. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Horvitz, C.C. and W. Schemske. 1986. Ant-nest soil and seedling growth in a neotropical ant-dispersed herb. Oecologia (Berlin) 92:288-290.
Jaffe, K. and E. Vílela. 1989. On nest densities ofthe leaf- cutting ant Atta cepahlotes in tropical primary forest. Biotropica 21:234- 236.
Jonkman, J.C.M. 1976. Biology and ecology of the leaf-cutting ant Atia vollenweideri Forel, 1893. Z. Ang. Ent. 81:140-148.
Jonkman, J.C.M. 1978. Nests of the leaf-cutting ant Arta vollenweideri as accelerators of succesion in pastures. Z. Ang. Ent. 86:25-34.
King, T.J. 1977x’. The plant ecology of ant-hills in calcareous grasslands. I. Patterns of species in relation to ant-hills in southern England. J. Ecol. 65:235-256.
King, T.J. 1977b. The plant ecology of ant hills in calcareous grasslands. II. Succession on the mounds. 1. Ecol. 65:257-278.
Laundré, J.W. 1990. Soil moisture patterns below mounds of harvesterd ants. J. Range. Manage. 43:10-12.
Levan, M.A: and E.L. Stone. 1983. Soil modifications by colonies of black meadows ants in a New York old field. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47:1192-1196.
Lugo, A.E., E.G. Farnworth, D. Pool, P. Jerez and G. Kaufman. 1973. The impact ofthe leafcutter ant Atta colombica on the energy flaw of a tropical wet forest. Ecology 54:1292-1301.
Mandel, R.D. and C.J. Sorenson. 1982. The role of harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex occidentalis) in soil formation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46:785-788
Mariconi, F.A.M. 1970. As Sauvas. Editora Agronómica “Ceres”, Sao Paulo, 167 pp.
Medina, E. and J.F. Silva. 1990. The savannas of northen southamerica: a steady regulated by water-fire interactions on a background of low nutrients availability. J. Biog. 17:403-413.
Petal, J. 1978. The role of ants in Ecosystems. En Production Ecology of Ants and Termites. M. V. Brian (Ed.). Cambridge Univ. Press.
Pickett, S.T. and P,S. White. 1985. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press. New York.
Roberts, J.T. and E.R. Heithaus. 1986. Ants rearrange the vertebrate generated seed shadow of a neotropical fig tree. Ecology 67:1046-1051.
Rockwood, L.L. 1973. Distribution, density and dispersion of two species of Atta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. J. Anim. Ecol. 42:803-817.
Rodrigues, M.G. 1966. Ecología das Formigas Cortadeiras do género Acromyrmex da Mata Amazónica. Annula Report, Ministerio da Agricultura D. P.E.A. Instituto de Pesquisas e Experimentacao Agropecuarias do norte Belém, Pará, Brasil.
Rogers, L.E. 1972. The ecological effects of the Werstern harvester ant Pogonomyrmex occidentalis in the Shortgrass Plains Ecosystem. Grassland Biome, US International Biol. Program, USA.
Rogers, L.E. and R.1. Lavigne. 1974. Enviromental effects of harvester ants on the shortgrass plains ecosystem. Env. Ent. 3:994- 997.
Salem, M. and F. Hole. 1968. Ant (Formica exe ctoides) Pedoturbacion in a Forest Soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. 32:563-567.
Sarmiento, G. 1984. The Ecology of Neotropical Savannas. Harvard Univ. Press.
Savage, T.S. 1982. (Ed.). Ecological Aspects of Development in the Humids Tropics. National Academy Press, Whashington, D.C.
Schowalter, T.D. 1.981. Insect herbivore relationship of the state of the host plant: biotic regulation of ecosystem nutrient cycling through ecological succesion. Oikos 37:126-130.
Troll, C. 1936. Termiten Savannen. Festschr. Norbert Krebs. Sttugart, Engelhorn.
Weber, N.A. 1966a. Fungus-Growing Ants and Soil Nutrition. En Progresos en Biología del Suelo. E. H. Rapoport (Ed.) Actas del primer Congreso Latinoamericano de Biología de¡ Suelo, Bahía Blanca, Argentina. Unesco, Monografia 1:221-256.
Weber, N.A. 1966b. Fungus-growing ants. Science 153:587-604.
Weber, N.A. 1972. Gardening Ants The Attines. Mem. Am. Philosc. Soc. 92. 146 pp.
Weber, N.A. 1982. Fungus ants. En Social insects. Vol 4. H.R. Hermann (Ed.). Academic Press, London. 255-363 pp-
Wilson, E.O. 1986. The Defining Traits of Fire Ants and Leaf - Cutting Ants. En Fire Ant sand Leaf - Cutting Ants: Biology and Management. C. Lofgren y A.K. Vande Meer (Eds.). West view Studiesin Insect Biology, Boulder, Colorado.
Wint, G.R.W. 1983. Leaf Damage in Tropical Rain Forest Canopies. En Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management. S.L. Sutton, T.C. Whitmore y A.C. Chadwick (Eds.). Blackwell, Offord.
Woodell, S.R. 1974. Anthill vegetation in a Norfolk Saltmarsh. Oecologia 16:221-225.
Amante, E. 1964. Nota previa sobre a estrutura do ninho de una nova formiga saúva (Atta sp.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Biológico 30:96-97.
Amante, E. 1967. Prejuizos causados pela formiga saúva emplantacoes de Eucalyptus e Pinus no estado de Sao Paulo. Silvicultura em Sao Paulo 6:355-363.
Andersen, A. 1982. Seed Removal by Ants in the Malle of North western Victoria. En Ant-Plant Interactions in Australia. R.C.Buckley (Ed.). Dr. Junk Publishers, Netherlands.
Autori, M. 1942. Contribucao para o conhecimiento da saúva (Atta spp Hymenoptera-Formicidae) 3. Excavacao de um sauverio (Alta sexdens). Archivos do Instituo de Biológico. Sao Paulo 13:137- 148.
Autori, M. 1947. Combate a formiga saúva. Biológico 13:196-199.
Beattie, A.J. and D.C. Culver. 1977. Effects of the mound of the ant Formica obscuripes on the sourronding soil. The Am. Midl. Nat. 97:390-399.
Beattie, A.J. and D.C. Culver. 1981. The guild of myrmecochores in the herbaceus flora of West Virginia forest. Ecology 62:107-115.
Beattie, A.J. and D.C. Culver. 1982. Inhumation: how ants and other invertebrates help seeds. Nature 297:627.
Beattie, A.J. and D. C. Culver. 1983. The nest chemistry of two seed - dispersing ant species. Oecologia 56:99-103.
Bucher, E.H. y R.B. Zuccardi. 1967. Significación de los hormigueros de Atta volllenweideri Forel como alteradores del suelo en la provincia de Tucumán. Acta Zoológica Lilloana XX111:83-95.
Bucher, E.H. 1982. Chaco and Caatinga-South American Arid Savannas, Woodlands and Thickets. En Ecology of Tropical Savannas. B.J. Huntley y B.H. Walker (Eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlín.
Buckley, R.C. 1982. Ant-plant interactions: a world review. En Ant-plant interactions in Australia. Gcobotany 4. R. C. Buckley (Ed.). Dr W. Junk Publishers. Netherlands.
Belt, T. 1874. The Naturalist in Nicaragua. Bumpus, London, 306 pp.
Culver, D.C. and A.J. Beattie. 1983. Efects of ant mounds on soil chemistry and vegetation patterns in a Colorado Montane Meadow. Ecology 64:485-492.
Cherret, J.M. 1986. The economic importance and control of leaf-cutting ants. En Economic Impact and Control of Social Insects. S.B. Vinson (Ed.). Praegar Special Studies, USA.
Cherret, J.M. 1989. Leaf-cutting Ants, Biogeographical and Ecologycal Studies, 473-488. En Ecosystem of the world, Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem. H. Lieth and M.J. Werger (Eds.). Elsevier, New York.
Couthino, L.M. 1982. Aspectos ecológicos da saúva no cerrado. Osmurundus de tierra, as características psamofiticas das especies de sua vegetacao e a sua invasao pelo Capim Gordura. Rev. Brasil_ Biol. 42:147-153.
Couthino, L.M. 1984. Aspectos ecológicos da saúva no cerrado. A saúva, as queimadas e sua possivei relacao na ciclagem de nutrientes minerais. Bolm. Zool. Univ. S. Paulo 8:1-9.
Culver, D.C. and A.J. Beattie. 1983. Effects of ant mounds on soil chemistry and vegetation patterns in a Colorado Montane Meadow. Ecology 64:485-492.
Czerwinsky, Z., H. Jakubczykand J. Petal. 1969. The influence of ants of the genus Myrmyca on the pshysico-chemical and microbiological properties of soil within the compass of anthillsin the Strzeleckie meadows. Polish J. of Soil Sc. 1:51-58.
Daguerre, J. B. 1945. Hormigas del género Atta fabricius de la Argentina. Revista Soc. Entomolog. Arg. XII 438-460.
Darwin, C. 1882. The formation of vegetable mold, through the action of worms with observation on their habitats. D. Appleton & Cia., New York, 326 pp.
Elmes, G. W. and 1.C. Wardlaw. 1982. A population study ofthe ants Myrmyca sabuleti and Myrmyca scabrinodis living at two sites in the south of England. Il. Effect of above-nest vegetation. J. of Animal Ecol. 51:665-680.
Farji Brener, A.G. 1987. Patrones forrajeros de dos hormigas Cortadoras de hojas (Formicidae, Attini): su convivencia en simpatría en un bosque seco del Chaco Argentino. Tesis de Licenciatura. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Farji Brener, A.G. 1991. Dinámica de islas boscosas en una sabana-parque: la actividad de Ana laevigata (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) y su relación con la invasión de leñosas. Tesis de Maestría en Ecología Tropical. Centro de Investigaciones Ecólógicas de Los Andes Tropicales, Facultad de Ciencias, Mérida, Venezuela.
Fowler, H.G. 1977. Some factors influencing colony spacing and survival in the grass-cutting ant Acromyrmxr landolti fracticornis (Forel) (Formicidae, Attini) in Paraguay. Rev. Biol. Trop. 25:89-99.
Fowler, H.G. 1983. Latitudinal gradients and diversity ofthe leaf-cutting ants (Ana and Acromynnex)(Hymenoptera:Formicidae). Rev. Biol. Trop. 31:213-216.
Fowler, H.G. and B.L. Haines, 1983. Diversidad de Especies de Hormigas Cortadoras y Termitas de Túmulo en Cuanto a la Sucesión Vegetal en Praderas Paraguayas. En Social Insects in the Tropics. P. Jaisson (Ed.). Université Paris-Nord.
Fowler, H.G., L.C. Forti, V. Da-Silva y N.B. Saes. 1986x. Economics of grass-cutting ants. En Fire and Leaf-Cutting Ants: Biology and Management. S. Logfren y R.K. Vander Meer (Eds.) Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
Fowler, H.G. V. Da-Silva, L.C. Forti and N.B. Saes. 19866. Population Dynamics ofLeaf-Cutting Ants. En Fire and Leaf-Cutting Ants: Biology and Management. S. Logfren y R.K. Vander Meer (Eds.) Westview Press, Colorado.
Glover, P.E., E.C. Trump and C. Wateridge. 1964. Termitaria and vegetation patterns on the Loita. Plains of Kenya. J. Ecol. 52:267-377.
Gotwald, W.H. 1986. The Beneficial Economic Role of Ants. En Economic Impact and Control of Social insects. S.B. Vinson (Ed.). Praeger Special Studies. New York.
Haines, B.L. 1975. Impact of Leaf-Cutting Ants on Vegetation Development at Barro Colorado Island. En Tropical Ecologycal Systems, Trends in Terrestial and Aquatic Research. F.B. Goley and E. Medina (Eds.). Springer-Verlag, New York.
Haines, B.L. 1978. Element and energy flows through colonies of the leaf-cutting ant, Atta colombica, in Panama. Biotropica 10:270-277.
Hölldobler, B. y E.O. Wilson. 1990. The Ants. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Horvitz, C.C. and W. Schemske. 1986. Ant-nest soil and seedling growth in a neotropical ant-dispersed herb. Oecologia (Berlin) 92:288-290.
Jaffe, K. and E. Vílela. 1989. On nest densities ofthe leaf- cutting ant Atta cepahlotes in tropical primary forest. Biotropica 21:234- 236.
Jonkman, J.C.M. 1976. Biology and ecology of the leaf-cutting ant Atia vollenweideri Forel, 1893. Z. Ang. Ent. 81:140-148.
Jonkman, J.C.M. 1978. Nests of the leaf-cutting ant Arta vollenweideri as accelerators of succesion in pastures. Z. Ang. Ent. 86:25-34.
King, T.J. 1977x’. The plant ecology of ant-hills in calcareous grasslands. I. Patterns of species in relation to ant-hills in southern England. J. Ecol. 65:235-256.
King, T.J. 1977b. The plant ecology of ant hills in calcareous grasslands. II. Succession on the mounds. 1. Ecol. 65:257-278.
Laundré, J.W. 1990. Soil moisture patterns below mounds of harvesterd ants. J. Range. Manage. 43:10-12.
Levan, M.A: and E.L. Stone. 1983. Soil modifications by colonies of black meadows ants in a New York old field. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47:1192-1196.
Lugo, A.E., E.G. Farnworth, D. Pool, P. Jerez and G. Kaufman. 1973. The impact ofthe leafcutter ant Atta colombica on the energy flaw of a tropical wet forest. Ecology 54:1292-1301.
Mandel, R.D. and C.J. Sorenson. 1982. The role of harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex occidentalis) in soil formation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46:785-788
Mariconi, F.A.M. 1970. As Sauvas. Editora Agronómica “Ceres”, Sao Paulo, 167 pp.
Medina, E. and J.F. Silva. 1990. The savannas of northen southamerica: a steady regulated by water-fire interactions on a background of low nutrients availability. J. Biog. 17:403-413.
Petal, J. 1978. The role of ants in Ecosystems. En Production Ecology of Ants and Termites. M. V. Brian (Ed.). Cambridge Univ. Press.
Pickett, S.T. and P,S. White. 1985. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press. New York.
Roberts, J.T. and E.R. Heithaus. 1986. Ants rearrange the vertebrate generated seed shadow of a neotropical fig tree. Ecology 67:1046-1051.
Rockwood, L.L. 1973. Distribution, density and dispersion of two species of Atta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. J. Anim. Ecol. 42:803-817.
Rodrigues, M.G. 1966. Ecología das Formigas Cortadeiras do género Acromyrmex da Mata Amazónica. Annula Report, Ministerio da Agricultura D. P.E.A. Instituto de Pesquisas e Experimentacao Agropecuarias do norte Belém, Pará, Brasil.
Rogers, L.E. 1972. The ecological effects of the Werstern harvester ant Pogonomyrmex occidentalis in the Shortgrass Plains Ecosystem. Grassland Biome, US International Biol. Program, USA.
Rogers, L.E. and R.1. Lavigne. 1974. Enviromental effects of harvester ants on the shortgrass plains ecosystem. Env. Ent. 3:994- 997.
Salem, M. and F. Hole. 1968. Ant (Formica exe ctoides) Pedoturbacion in a Forest Soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. 32:563-567.
Sarmiento, G. 1984. The Ecology of Neotropical Savannas. Harvard Univ. Press.
Savage, T.S. 1982. (Ed.). Ecological Aspects of Development in the Humids Tropics. National Academy Press, Whashington, D.C.
Schowalter, T.D. 1.981. Insect herbivore relationship of the state of the host plant: biotic regulation of ecosystem nutrient cycling through ecological succesion. Oikos 37:126-130.
Troll, C. 1936. Termiten Savannen. Festschr. Norbert Krebs. Sttugart, Engelhorn.
Weber, N.A. 1966a. Fungus-Growing Ants and Soil Nutrition. En Progresos en Biología del Suelo. E. H. Rapoport (Ed.) Actas del primer Congreso Latinoamericano de Biología de¡ Suelo, Bahía Blanca, Argentina. Unesco, Monografia 1:221-256.
Weber, N.A. 1966b. Fungus-growing ants. Science 153:587-604.
Weber, N.A. 1972. Gardening Ants The Attines. Mem. Am. Philosc. Soc. 92. 146 pp.
Weber, N.A. 1982. Fungus ants. En Social insects. Vol 4. H.R. Hermann (Ed.). Academic Press, London. 255-363 pp-
Wilson, E.O. 1986. The Defining Traits of Fire Ants and Leaf - Cutting Ants. En Fire Ant sand Leaf - Cutting Ants: Biology and Management. C. Lofgren y A.K. Vande Meer (Eds.). West view Studiesin Insect Biology, Boulder, Colorado.
Wint, G.R.W. 1983. Leaf Damage in Tropical Rain Forest Canopies. En Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management. S.L. Sutton, T.C. Whitmore y A.C. Chadwick (Eds.). Blackwell, Offord.
Woodell, S.R. 1974. Anthill vegetation in a Norfolk Saltmarsh. Oecologia 16:221-225.
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1992-12-01
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Farji Brener, A. G. (1992). Modificaciones al suelo realizadas por hormigas cortadoras de hojas (Formicidae, Attini): una revisión de sus efectos sobre la vegetación. Ecología Austral, 2(2), 087–094. Retrieved from https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1728
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