Biotransformación de antibióticos en humedales artificiales: Rol de la interacción entre microorganismos y macrófitas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.22.32.3.0.1792Palabras clave:
Biodegradación, fitorremediación, macrófitas, remediación, remoción, rizosferaResumen
La cantidad de antibióticos vertidos en ecosistemas acuáticos va en aumento y repercute negativamente en la salud del ambiente y del ser humano. Entre los métodos que se usan para removerlos está la fitorremediación, una metodología basada en usar plantas y microorganismos de la rizosfera para remover contaminantes del medio. La tecnología que utiliza esta estrategia es el humedal artificial, compuesto principalmente por plantas, agua y sustrato. El objetivo de esta revisión es colectar, organizar y analizar la información disponible acerca de la interacción entre bacterias y macrófitas en el proceso de remoción de antibióticos. Inicialmente, se describe la contaminación por antibióticos en los cuerpos de agua, así como los efectos tóxicos en los seres vivos, y se mencionan las características físicas y químicas de los antibióticos que influyen en su posibilidad de remoción. Asimismo, se describe el proceso de biodegradación de antibióticos por las bacterias y la interacción planta-bacteria que se da sobre todo a nivel de las raíces de la planta (ectorizosfera, endorizosfera y el rizoplano), proceso responsable de la remoción de compuestos antibióticos del medio acuático. Este trabajo busca contribuir a lograr un mejor entendimiento del proceso de interacción planta-bacteria, a fin de ayudar a optimizar el diseño de un humedal para tratar los residuos de antibióticos del medio acuático, incluyendo una revisión exhaustiva del conocimiento actual.
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