Bird communities in residential areas and implanted forests in coastal dunes of Cariló city, Argentina
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.23.33.2.0.2080Keywords:
exotic plantations, Pampean Region, pines, taxonomic diversity, tourismAbstract
Coastal areas have the largest human population, causing significant urbanization impacts on biodiversity. The coast of Buenos Aires province (Argentina) has touristic cities, which have shown significant growth during the last decades. Therefore, it is fundamental to analyze the effect of urbanization on bird communities. The aim of this study is to analyze the bird communities present in residential areas and implanted forests on coastal dunes in Cariló. Eight fixed radius point counts were carried out in each habitat between spring 2021 and summer 2022. Both habitat types had similar values of species richness, Shannon and Simpson diversity, and functional diversity. However, residential habitat showed higher abundance than the forest. Significant changes between habitats in species composition were found. The Tropical Parula (Setophaga pitiayumi) and the Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis) were more abundant in the forest, while the Chimango Caracara (Phalcoboenus chimango), the Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monacha) and the Picazuró Pigeon (Patagioenas picazuro) were more abundant in the residential habitat. The residential area had a greater abundance of birds feeding on the ground, the canopy and the air. The results obtained suggest that the urban expansion on implanted forests promotes bird compositional changes, favoring species typical of semi-open habitats and impairing species associated with high tree cover and unmanaged herbaceous vegetation.
References
Arizmendi, M., E. López-Saut, C. Monterrubio-Solís, L. Juárez, I. Flores-Moreno, and C. Rodríguez-Flores. 2008. Efecto de la presencia de bebederos artificiales sobre la diversidad y abundancia de los colibríes y el éxito reproductivo de dos especies de plantas en un parque suburbano de la ciudad de México. Ornitología Neotropical 19:491-500.
Ardia, D. R., J. H. Pérez, and E. D. Clotfelter. 2010. Experimental cooling during incubation leads to reduced innate immunity and body condition in nestling tree swallows. Proc R Soc B 277:1881-1888. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.2138.
Baird, R. C. 2009. Coastal urbanization: the challenge of management lag. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 20:371-382. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777830910963726.
Barragán, J. M., and M. de Andrés. 2016. Expansión urbana en las áreas litorales de América Latina y Caribe. Revista de Geografía Norte Grande 64:129-149. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34022016000200009.
Bellocq, M. I., K. Carreras, and A. Rubio. 2006. Elaboración de un plan para garantizar la sustentabilidad ecológica y paisajística de Parque Cariló. Informe inédito.
Bernat-Ponce, E., J. A. Gil-Delgado, and G. M. López-Iborra. 2021. Recreational noise pollution of traditional festivals reduces the juvenile productivity of an avian urban bioindicator. Environ Pollut 286:117247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117247.
Bernat-Ponce, E., J. A. Gil-Delgado, and G. M. López-Iborra. 2022. Efectos de las características de las ciudades occidentales contemporáneas sobre la avifauna urbana. Ecosistemas 31(1):2158. https://doi.org/10.7818/ECOS.2158.
Brown. A. M., D. I. Warton, N. R. Andrew, M. Binns, G. Cassis, and H. Gibb. 2014. The fourth-corner solution-using predictive models to understand how species traits interact with the environment. Methods Ecol Evol 5:344-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12163.
Chao, A., Gotelli, N. J., Hsieh, T. C., Sander, E. L., Ma, K. H., Colwell, R. K., and A. M. Ellison. 2014. Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies. Ecological Monographs 84:45-67. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0133.1.
Celsi, C. E., and J. Athor. 2016. La vegetación de las dunas costeras pampeanas. La Costa Atlántica de Buenos Aires. Naturaleza y Patrimonio Cultural. Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara 116-138.
Clergeau, P., J. P. L. Savard, G. Mennechez, and G. Falardeau. 1998. Bird abundance and diversity along an urban-rural gradient: a comparative study between two cities on different continents. The Condor 100:413-425. https://doi.org/10.2307/1369707.
Corlett, R. T. 2005. Interactions between birds, fruit bats and exotic plants in urban Hong Kong, South China. Urban Ecosystems 8:275-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-005-3260-x.
Cueto, V. R., and J. Lopez de Casenave. 2000. Bird assemblages of protected and exploited coastal woodlands in east-central Argentina. The Wilson Bulletin 112:395-402. https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0395:BAOPAE]2.0.CO;2.
Cueto, V. R., and J. Lopez de Casenave. 2002. Foraging behavior and microhabitat use of birds inhabiting coastal woodlands in eastcentral Argentina. The Wilson Bulletin 114:342-348. https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0342:FBAMUO]2.0.CO;2.
Curzel, F. E., and L. M. Leveau. 2021. Bird taxonomic and functional diversity in three habitats in Buenos Aires City, Argentina. Birds 2: 217-229. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds2020016.
Curzel, F. E., Bellocq, M. I., and L. M. Leveau. 2021. Local and landscape features of wooded streets influenced bird taxonomic and functional diversity. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 66:127369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127369.
da Silva, B. F., J. C. Pena, A. B. Viana-Junior, M. Vergne, and M. A. Pizo. 2021. Noise and tree species richness modulate the bird community inhabiting small public urban green spaces of a Neotropical city. Urban Ecosystems 24:71-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-01021-2.
Dadon, J. R., and S. D. Matteucci. 2006. Patrones de desarrollo costero en la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Crecimiento urbano y sus consecuencias sobre el entorno rural: el caso de la ecorregión pampeana, Orientación Gráfica Editora, Buenos Aires. Pp. 251-278.
de la Peña, M. R. 2010. Los alimentos de las aves [CD-ROM]. Santa Fe, Argentina: Universidad Nacional del Litoral
de la Peña, M. R. 2013. Nidos y reproducción de las aves argentinas. Ediciones Biológica. Serie Naturaleza, Conservación y Sociedad N° 8. Santa Fe, Argentina. Pp. 590.
Donnelly, R., and J. M. Marzluff. 2004. Importance of reserve size and landscape context to urban bird conservation. Conservation Biology 18:733-745. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00032.x.
Dorado-Correa, A. M., S. Zollinger, B. Heidinger, and H. Brumm. 2018. Timing matters: traffic noise accelerates telomere loss rate differently across developmental stages. Frontiers in Zoology 15:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-018-0275-8.
Faggi, A., and J. Dadon. 2011. La vegetación de la franja costera urbana turística. Pp. 271-292 en J Dadon (ed.). Ciudad, Paisaje, Turismo. Frentes urbanos costeros. Buenos Aires: Gestión de espacios costeros (GEC), FADU, UBA y Nobuko.
Faggi, A., and P. Perepelizin. 2006. Riqueza de aves a lo largo de un gradiente de urbanización en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales nueva serie 8: 289-297. https://doi.org/10.22179/REVMACN.8.327.
Faggi, A., P. Perepelizin, and J. Dadon. 2010. South Atlantic tourist resorts: predictors for changes induced by afforestation. Urban Biodiversity and Design 363-379. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318654.ch19.
Fernández-Juricic, E. 2000a. Avifaunal use of wooded streets in an urban landscape. Conserv Biol 14:513-521. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98600.x.
Fernández-Juricic, E. 2000b. Local and regional effects of pedestrians on forest birds in a fragmented landscape. Condor 102:247-255. https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.2.247.
Fontana, C. S., M. I. Burger, and W. E. Magnusson. 2011. Bird diversity in a subtropical South-American City: effects of noise levels, arborisation and human population density. Urban Ecosystems 14:341-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-011-0156-9.
Francis, C. D., and J. R. Barber. 2013. A framework for understanding noise impacts on wildlife: an urgent conservation priority. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 11:305-313. https://doi.org/10.1890/120183.
Francoeur, X. W., D. Dagenais, A. Paquette, J. Dupras, and C. Messier. 2021. Complexifying the urban lawn improves heat mitigation and arthropod biodiversity. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 60:127007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127007.
González-Oreja, J. A., A. L. Barillas-Gómez, C. Bonache-Regidor, D. Buzo-Franco, J. García Guzmán, and L. Hernández-Santín. 2012. Does Habitat Heterogeneity Affect Bird Community Structure in Urban Parks. Urban Bird Ecology and Conservation. Studies in Avian Biology 45. University of California Press, Berkeley. Pp. 1-14.
Grimm, N. B., S. H. Faeth, N. E. Golubiewski, C. L. Redman, J. Wu, X. Bai, and J. M. Briggs .2008. Global change and the ecology of cities. Science 319:756-760. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1150195.
Haag, L. M., A. Jauregui, E. González, M. A. Colombo, and L. N. Segura. 2020. Efecto de la alteración del hábitat en la comunidad de aves de la localidad balnearia de Cariló, Argentina. El Hornero 35:36-46. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v35i1.456.
Horlent, N., M. C. Juárez, and M. Arturi. 2003. Incidencia de la estructura del paisaje sobre la composición de especies de aves de los talares del noreste de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Ecología Austral 13(2):173-182.
Jara, R. F., R. D. Crego, M. D. Samuel, R. Rozzi, and J. E. Jiménez. 2020. Nest-site selection and breeding success of passerines in the world’s southernmost forests. PeerJ 8:e9892. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9892.
Jones, D. N., and J. S. Reynolds. 2008. Feeding birds in our towns and cities: a global research opportunity. Journal of Avian Biology 39:265-271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04271.x.
Jost, L. 2006. Entropy and diversity. Oikos 113:363-375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14714.x.
Juárez, V., L. Cortizo, and F. Isla. 2001. Evolución urbana del sector costero sur de General Pueyrredón. Revista Geográfica 129:143-156.
Kembel, S. W., P. D. Cowan, M. R. Helmus, M. R., Cornwell, W. K., Morlon, H., Ackerly, D. D., Blomberg, S. P., and C. O. Webb. 2010. Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology. Bioinformatics 26(11):1463-1464. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq166
King, J. R. 1973. The annual cycle of the Rufous‐collared sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis) in three biotopes in north‐western Argentina. Journal of Zoology 170:163-188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1973.tb01373.x.
Kontsiotis, V. J., E. Valsamidis, and V. Liordos. 2019. Organization and differentiation of breeding bird communities across a forested to urban landscape. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 38:242-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.01.007.
Laliberté, E., and P. Legendre. 2010. A distance‐based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits. Ecology 91:299-305. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-2244.1.
Laliberté, E., P. Legendre, B. Shipley, and M. E. Laliberté. 2014. FD: measuring functional diversity from multiple traits, and other tools for functional ecology. R package ver. 1.0‐11.
Leong, M., and G. K. Roderick. 2015. Remote sensing captures varying temporal patterns of vegetation between human-altered and natural landscapes. PeerJ 3:e1141. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1141.
Lepczyk, C. A., A. G. Mertig, and J. Liu. 2004. Assessing landowner activities related to birds across rural-to-urban landscapes. Environmental Management 33:110-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0036-z.
Leveau, C. M., and L. M. Leveau. 2005. Avian community response to urbanization in the Pampean region, Argentina. Ornitología Neotropical 16:503-510.
Leveau, L. M. 2013a. Bird traits in urban-rural gradients: how many functional groups are there? Journal of Ornithology 154:655-662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-012-0928-x.
Leveau, L. M., 2013b. Relaciones aves-habitat en el sector suburbano de Mar del Plata, Argentina. Ornitología Neotropical 24:201-212.
Leveau, L. M. 2018. Urbanization, environmental stabilization and temporal persistence of bird species: a view from Latin America. PeerJ 6:e6056. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6056.
Leveau, L. M. 2019. Primary productivity and habitat diversity predict bird species richness and composition along urban-rural gradients of central Argentina. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 43:126349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.05.011.
Leveau, L. M. 2021a. Consistency in bird community assembly over medium-term along rural-urban gradients in Argentina. Ecological Processes 10:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-021-00302-8.
Leveau, L. M. 2022. Temporal persistence of taxonomic and functional composition in bird communities of urban areas: an evaluation after a 6-year gap in data collection. Urban Ecosystems 25:9-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-021-01132-4.
Leveau, L. M., and C. M. Leveau. 2004. Comunidades de aves en un gradiente urbano de la ciudad de Mar del Plata, Argentina. El Hornero 19:13-21.
Leveau, L. M., and C. M. Leveau. 2011. Nectarivorous feeding by the Bay-winged Cowbird (Agelaioides badius). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 46:173-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2011.616410.
Leveau, L. M., and C. M. Leveau. 2020. Street design in suburban areas and its impact on bird communities: considering different diversity facets over the year. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 48:126578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126578.
Li, D. 2018. hillR: taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity and similarity through Hill Numbers. J Open Source Softw 3:1041. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01041.
Li, P., P. Ding, and K. J. Feeley. 2010. Patterns of species diversity and functional diversity of breeding birds in Hangzhou across an urbanization gradient. Avian Research 1:1-8. https://doi.org/10.5122/cbirds.2009.0020.
López-Lanús, B. 2017. Guía Audiornis de las Aves de Argentina, fotos y sonidos. Identificación por características contrapuestas y marcas sobre imágenes. 2da Ed. Audiornis Producciones. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
MacArthur, R. H. 1964. Environmental factors affecting bird species diversity. American Naturalist 98:387-396. https://doi.org/10.1086/282334.
Magurran, A. E. 2005. Biological diversity. Current Biology 15:R116-R118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.006.
Matteucci, S. D. 2006. La sustentabilidad del sistema humano-natural en el norte y noreste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Pp. 83-122 en S. Matteucci, J. Morello and G. Buzai (eds.). Crecimiento urbano y sus consecuencias sobre el entorno rural. El caso de la ecorregión pampeana. Orientación Gráfica Editora.
Melles, S., S. Glenn, and K. Martin. 2003. Urban bird diversity and landscape complexity: species-environment associations along a multiscale habitat gradient. Conservation Ecology 7:1. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00478-070105.
Merlotto, A., M. M. C. Piccolo, and G. R. Bértola. 2012. Crecimiento urbano y cambios del uso/cobertura del suelo en las ciudades de Necochea y Quequén, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Revista de Geografía Norte Grande 53:159-176. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34022012000300010.
Montaldo, N. H. 1984. Asociación de dos especies de picaflores con árboles del género Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) en la provincia de Buenos Aires. El Hornero 12:159-162.
Morelli, F., Y Benedetti, T. Su, B. Zhou, D. Moravec, P. Šímová, and W. Liang. 2017. Taxonomic diversity, functional diversity and evolutionary uniqueness in bird communities of Beijing's urban parks: effects of land use and vegetation structure. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 23:84-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.03.009.
Narosky, T., and F. Gonzales Táboas. 2021. Aves de la Provincia de Buenos Aires: guía de campo. Ecoval Ediciones, Córdoba.
Oksanen, J., F. G. Blanchet, M. Friendly, R. Kindt, P. Legendre, D. McGlinn, P. R. Minchin, R. B. O’Hara, G. L. Simpson, P. Solymos, M. H. Stevens, E. Szoecs, and H. Wagner. 2019. vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.5-6. URL: CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan.
Oliveira Hagen, E., O. Hagen, J. D. Ibáñez-Álamo, O. L. Petchey, and K. L. Evans. 2017. Impacts of urban areas and their characteristics on avian functional diversity. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 5:84. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2017.00084.
Ortega-Álvarez, R., and I. MacGregor-Fors. 2009. Living in the big city: Effects of urban land-use on bird community structure, diversity, and composition. Landscape and Urban Planning 90:189-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.11.003.
Oyarzabal, M., J. R. Clavijo, L. J. Oakley, F. Biganzoli, P. M. Tognetti, I. M. Barberis, et al. 2018. Unidades de vegetación de la Argentina. Ecología Austral 28:40-63. https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.18.28.1.0.399.
Palacio, F. X., L. M. Ibañez, R. E. Maragliano, and D. Montalti. 2018. Urbanization as a driver of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity losses in bird communities. Canadian Journal of Zoology 96:1114-1121. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0008.
Palacio, F. X. 2020. Urban exploiters have broader dietary niches than urban avoiders. Ibis 162:42-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12732.
Pauw, A., and K. Louw. 2012. Urbanization drives a reduction in functional diversity in a guild of nectar-feeding birds. Ecology and Society 17:2. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04758-170227.
Pinho, P., O. Correia, M. Lecoq, S. Munzi, S. Vasconcelos, P. Gonçalves, et al. 2016. Evaluating green infrastructure in urban environments using a multi-taxa and functional diversity approach. Environmental Research 147:601-610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.025.
R Core Team. 2019. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL: R-project.org.
Ramírez-Segura, O. 2016. Un inocente bocadito? Alimentando a las aves urbanas, revisión del caso de los colibríes. En A. Y. Ramírez-Bautista and R. Pineda-López (eds.). Fauna nativa en ambientes antropizados. Querétaro: CONACYT-UAQ.
Rebolo-Ifrán, N., L. Zamora-Nasca, and S. A. Lambertucci. 2021. Cat and dog predation on birds: The importance of indirect predation after bird-window collisions. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation 19:293-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2021.05.003.
Reijnen, R., R. Foppen, C. Ter Braak, and J. Thissen. 1995. The effects of car traffic on breeding bird populations in woodland. III. Reduction of density in relation to the proximity of main roads. Journal of Applied Ecology 32:187-202. https://doi.org/10.2307/2404428.
Roda, M. A., and C. F. Danti. 2015. Nuevos registros de aves para Saladillo, provincial de Buenos Aires. Nuestras Aves 60:32-38.
Sánchez-Sotomayor, D., A. Martín-Higuera, J. Gil-Delgado, Á. Gálvez, and E. Bernat-Ponce. 2022. Artificial grass in parks as a potential new threat for urban bird communities. Bird Conservation International 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270922000119.
Schütz, C., and C. H. Schulze. 2015. Functional diversity of urban bird communities: effects of landscape composition, green space area and vegetation cover. Ecology and Evolution 5:5230-5239. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1778.
Shanahan, D. F., M. W. Strohbach, P. S. Warren, and R. A. Fuller. 2014. The challenges of urban living. Pp. 3-20 en D. Gil and H. Brumm (eds.). Avian Urban Ecology Behavioural and Physiological Adaptations. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199661572.003.0001.
Shannon, C. E., and W. Weaver. 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL. EE.UU.
Silva, C. P., C. E. García, S. A. Estay, and O. Barbosa. 2015. Bird richness and abundance in response to urban form in a Latin American city: Valdivia, Chile as a case study. PloS ONE 10:e0138120. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138120.
Tews, J., U. Brose, V. Grimm, K. Tielbörger, M. C. Wichmann, M. Schwager, and F. Jeltsch. 2004. Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance of keystone structures. Journal of Biogeography 31:79-92. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0305-0270.2003.00994.x.
ToolsDev. 2016. Sound Meter - Decibel Meter and Noise Meter. URL: tinyurl.com/yckjzx9c.
Tryjanowski, P., P. Skórka, T. H. Sparks, W. Biaduń, T. Brauze, T. Hetmański, et al. 2015. Urban and rural habitats differ in number and type of bird feeders and in bird species consuming supplementary food. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22:15097-15103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4723-0.
Tryjanowski, P., F. Morelli, P. Mikula, A. Krištín, P. Indykiewicz, G. Grzywaczewski, et al. 2017. Bird diversity in urban green space: a large-scale analysis of differences between parks and cemeteries in Central Europe. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 27:264-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.08.014.
United Nations. 2018. The World’s Cities in 2018. Department of Economic and Social Affairs; Social Affairs, P.D.; United Nations: New York. USA.
Vale, T. R., and G. R. Vale. 1976. Suburban bird populations in west-central California. Journal of Biogeography 3:157-165. https://doi.org/10.2307/3038144.
Valente-Neto, F., F. D. O. Roque, C. F. Pauliquevis, A. K. M. D. Oliveira, D. B. Provete, J. K. Szabo, and F. L. Souza. 2021. Loss of Cultural and Functional Diversity Associated With Birds Across the Urbanization Gradient in a Tropical City. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9:615797. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.615797.
van Heezik, Y., A. Smyth, A. Adams, and J. Gordon. 2010. Do domestic cats impose an unsustainable harvest on urban bird populations? Biological Conservation 143:121-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.09.013.
Wang, Y., U. Naumann, D. Eddelbuettel, D. Warton, J. Byrnes, S. Silva, J. Niku, I. Renner, and S. Wright. 2018. Package ‘mvabund’. Statistical methods for analysing multivariate abundance data.
Wilman, H., J. Belmaker, J. Simpson, C. de la Rosa, M. M. Rivadeneira, and W. Jetz. 2014. EltonTraits 1.0: Species‐level foraging attributes of the world's birds and mammals: Ecological Archives E095‐178. Ecology 95:2027-2027. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-1917.1.
Yang, G., J. Xu, Y. Wang, X. Wang, E. Pei, X. Yuan, et al. 2015. Evaluation of microhabitats for wild birds in a Shanghai urban area park. Urban Forestry and Urban Greenning 14:246-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.02.005.
![Bird communities in residential areas and implanted forests in coastal dunes of Cariló city, Argentina](https://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/public/journals/1/submission_2080_1744_coverImage_en_US.jpg)
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Lucas M. Leveau
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/3.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
Authors retain their rights as follows: 1) by granting the journal the right to its first publication, and 2) by registering the published article with a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which allows authors and third parties to view and use it as long as they clearly mention its origin (citation or reference, including authorship and first publication in this journal). Authors can make other non-exclusive distribution agreements as long as they clearly indicate their origin and are encouraged to widely share and disseminate the published version of their work.