Narratives of motherhood in science: A collective subject analysis of women researchers in ethnobiology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.25.35.2.1.2472Keywords:
parenting, sexism, perceptionsAbstract
Sexism is one of the main reasons for the difference in professional success between men and women, especially in scientific careers. Motherhood is identified as a key factor in this disparity, as women tend to assume most of the childcare responsibilities, leading to lower scientific production and academic visibility. Ethnobiology gathers some compelling evidence about this disparity in the academic universe. This work sought to deepen previous findings, analyzing the perception of female researchers in the field of ethnobiology who are or want to be mothers. We collected the perception of the conciliation of motherhood and academic life from female ethnobiologists from Brazil and Argentina through an online questionnaire. Four main points were highlighted: 1) difficulties and sacrifices; 2) prejudices; 3) desire for equity, and 4) flexibility and support. We discuss the implications of these inequalities and difficulties in reconciling a scientific career and motherhood for people involved in ecology and related fields.
References
Ainston, S. J., and J. Jung. 2015. Women academics and research productivity: an international comparison. Gender and Education 27(3):205-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2015.1024617.
Albuquerque, U. P., and E. S. O. Oliveira. 2024. Conversando sobre Etnobiologia. First edition. Canal 6, Bauru. https://doi.org/10.52050/9788579176579.
Albuquerque, U. P., M. A. Ramos, R. F. P. Lucena, and N. L Alencar. 2014. Methods and Techniques Used to Collect Ethnobiological Data. Pp. 15-37 in U. P. Albuquerque, L. V. F. C. Cunha, R. F. P. Lucena, R. R. N. Alves, et al. (eds.). Methods and Techniques in Ethnobiology and Ethnoecology. First edition. Springer Protocols Handbooks. Humana Press, New York, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8636-7_2.
Bennett, J. 2015. How Not to Be 'Manterrupted' in Meetings. Time Magazine. URL: tinyurl.com/ynbbmbms.
BRASIL. 2021. Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. CNPq anuncia inclusão do campo licença-maternidade no Currículo Lattes. URL: tinyurl.com/587587rw.
BRASIL. 2024. Presidente sanciona lei que amplia prazos para pais e mães acadêmicos. URL: tinyurl.com/3krrxz8k.
Campos, J. L. A., A. S. A. Alves, and F. R. Santoro. 2021. As mulheres são menos citadas do que os homens em artigos científicos: uma análise do comportamento de citação relacionado ao gênero nas pesquisas em etnobiologia. Ethnoscientia-Brazilian Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnoecology 6(2):20-39. https://doi.org/10.22276/ethnoscientia.v6i2.371.
Cech, E. A., and M. Blair-Loy. 2019. The changing career trajectories of new parents in STEM. PNAS 116(10):4182-4187. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810862116.
Dorpat, T. L. 1996. Gaslighting, the Double Whammy, Interrogation, and Other Methods of Covert Control in Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis. Jason Aronson Inc. Northvale, New Jersey,
London.
De Kleijn, M., B. Jayabalasingham, H. J. Falk-Krzesinski, T. Collins, L. Kuiper-Hoyng, I. Cingolani, J. Zhang, G. Roberge, et al. 2020. The Researcher Journey Through a Gender Lens: An Examination of Research Participation, Career Progression and Perceptions Across the Globe. Elsevier. URL: tinyurl.com/8rw4w7ym.
Fontanarrosa, G., L. Zarbá, V. Aschero, D. A. Dos Santos, M. G. Núñez Montellano, M. C. Plaza Behr, N. Schroeder, et al. 2024. Over twenty years of publications in Ecology: Over-contribution of women reveals a new dimension of gender bias. PLoS ONE 19(9):e0307813. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307813.
Hurrel, J. A., and U. P. Albuquerque. 2012. Is Ethnobotany an Ecological Science? Steps towards a complex Ethnobotany. Ethnobiology and Conservation 1:4. https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2012-8-1.4-1-16.
Lomáscolo, S. B., M. L. Sandoval-Salinas, A. Novillo, G. Fontanarrosa, M. G. Núñez Montellano, M. Piquer-Rodríguez, et al. 2024. Perspectives - Academic career in ecology: Effect of gender, caregiving labor, and the working environment. Forest Ecology and Management 560:121801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2024.121801.
Lefevre, F., A. M. C. Lefevre, and M. C. D. C. Marques. 2009. Discurso do sujeito coletivo, complexidade e auto-organização. Ciência and Saúde Coletiva 14: 1193-1204. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000400025.
Machado, L. S., M. Perlin, R. C. Soletti, L. K. R. Silva, I. V. D. Schwartz, et al. 2019. Parent in science: The impact of parenthood on the scientific career in Brazil. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Gender Equality in Software Engineering. Pp. 37-40. https://doi.org/10.1109/GE.2019.00017.
Marzonetto, G. L., and V. N. Alonso. 2022. El rol de las políticas de cuidado infantil argentinas en la configuración de las desigualdades de género en un mercado laboral segmentado. Revista Pilquen. Sección Ciencias Sociales 25(1):78-105. URL: tinyurl.com/26vsdp2h.
McAlvay, A. C., C. G. Armstrong, J. Baker., L. B. Elk, S. Bosco, et al. 2021. Ethnobiology phase VI: decolonizing institutions, projects, and scholarship. Journal of Ethnobiology 41(2):170-191. https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.170.
Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de la Nación (MINCyT). 2020. El MINCyT creó el Programa Nacional para la Igualdad de Géneros. URL: tinyurl.com/wtsjvsb6.
National Research Council. 2009. Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering and Mathematics Faculty. National Academies Press, Washington DC.
Nature. 2021. Editorial: Women must not be obscured in science’s history. Nature 591:501-502. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00770-0.
Parent in Science. 2023. Guia de Estratégias para Combate à Discriminação e ao Assédio Contra Mães na Academia. URL: tinyurl.com/mr23tjkx.
Santoro, F. R., B. A. Toledo, J. L. A. Campos, A. S. A. Alves, and L. Z. O. Campos. 2021. Maternidade na etnobiologia: desafios encontrados por pesquisadoras que são ou buscam ser mães. Ethnoscientia-Brazilian Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnoecology 6(2):72-88. https://doi.org/10.22276/ethnoscientia.v6i2.372.
Silva, T. C., P. M. Medeiros, N. Hanazaki, V. S. Fonseca-Kruel, J. S. L. Hora, et al. 2019. The role of women in Brazilian ethnobiology: challenges and perspectives. Journal Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine 15(44):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-019-0322-3.
Staniscuaski, F., L. Kmetzsch, E. Zandonà, F. Reichert, R. Soletti, et al. 2021. Gender, race and parenthood impact academic productivity during the COVID-19 pandemic: from survey to action. Frontiers in Psychology 12:663252. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663252.
Stephenson, A. L., L. M. Dzubinski, and A. B. Diehl. 2023. A Cross-Industry Comparison of How Women Leaders Experience Gender Bias. Personnel Review 52:145-165. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-02-2021-0091.
Tarkhanova, O. 2021. Compulsory Motherhood. Compulsory Motherhood, Paternalistic State? Ukrainian Gender Politics and the Subject of Woman 51-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73355-1_2.
UNESCO-IESALC. 2021. Women in higher education: has the female advantage put an end to gender inequalities? UNESCO-IESALC, Paris, France. Pp. 58.
Williams, W. M., and S. J. Ceci. 2012. When scientists choose motherhood: a single factor goes a long way in explaining the dearth of women in math-intensive fields. How can we address it? American Scientist 100(2):138. https://doi.org/10.1511/2012.95.138.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Flávia R. Santoro, Juliana Loureiro Almeida Campos, Bárbara Arias Toledo

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain their rights as follows: 1) by granting the journal the right to its first publication, and 2) by registering the published article with a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which allows authors and third parties to view and use it as long as they clearly mention its origin (citation or reference, including authorship and first publication in this journal). Authors can make other non-exclusive distribution agreements as long as they clearly indicate their origin and are encouraged to widely share and disseminate the published version of their work.
