Defensas químicas en el árbol Ziziphus mistol contra la hormiga cortadora de hojas Acromyrmex striatus
Resumen
Las hojas de Ziziphus mistol Griseb. (Rhamnaceae) no son consumidas por la hormiga cortadora de hojas Acromyrmex striatus Roger (Formicidae, Attini) en un bosque chaqueño semiárido de Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Para determinar cuál es el componente químico responsable de ese comportamiento de las hormigas, se analizaron las defensas químicas putativas (taninos, fenólicos y saponinas) en hojas jóvenes y maduras de Ziziphus mistol y se llevaron a cabo bioensayos a campo en los que se probaron las propiedades repelentes de las fracciones polar y no polar de un extracto foliar. En los bioensayos se incluyeron dos flavonoides presentes en las hojas de Ziziphus mistol, quercetina y su glicósido rutin, y extracto comercial de quebracho colorado, una fuente de taninos. Los niveles de taninos condensados y fenoles totales fueron significativamente mayores en las hojas maduras que en las jóvenes. No se detectaron taninos hidrolizables en ning ̇n tipo de hoja. La presencia de saponinas solo fue registrada en las hojas jóvenes. El extracto clorofórmico (no polar) fue significativamente repelente, mientras que el extracto metanólico (polar) no fue significativamente atractivo. Ni los taninos ni los flavonoides mostraron una atracción o una repelencia significativas a las concentraciones ensayadas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que algún constituyente no identificado de la fracción no polar del extracto foliar, posiblemente de naturaleza terpenoide, daría cuenta del rechazo de las hojas de Ziziphus mistol por la hormiga Acromyrmex striatus.
Citas
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BOWERS, MA & SD PORTER. 1981. Effect of foraging distance on water content of substrates harvested by Atta columbica (Guerin). Ecology 62:273-275.
CAPRON, MA & DF WIEMER. 1996. Piplaroxide, an antrepellent piperidine epoxide from Piper tuberculatum. J. Nat. Prod. 59:794-795.
COLEY, PD. 1983. Herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree species in a lowland tropical forest. Ecol. Monogr. 53:209-233.
COOPER-DRIVER, G; S FINCH; T SWAIN & E BERNAYS. 1977. Seasonal variation in secondary plant compounds in relation to the palatability of Pteridium aquilinum. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 5:177-184.
DEMENT, WA & HA MOONEY. 1974. Seasonal variation in the production of tannins and cyanogenetic glucosides in the Chaparral shrub Heteromeles arbutifolia. Oecologia 15:65-76.
FARJI BRENER, AG & J PROTOMASTRO. 1992. Patrones forrajeros de dos especies simp·tridas de hormigas cortadoras de hojas (Attini, Acromyrmex) en un bosque subtropical seco. Ecotrópicos 5:32-43.
FEBVAY, G & A KERMARREC. 1986. Prevention of feeding by Acromymerx octospinosus with antifeedants from yams. Pp. 247-259 in: CS Lofgren & RK Vander Meer (eds). Fire ants and leaf-cutting ants: biology and management. Westview, Boulder.
FEENY, PP. 1976. Plant apparency and chemical defense. Pp. 1-40 in: JW Wallace & RL Mansell (eds). Biochemical interaction between plants and insects. Plenum, New York.
FOLGARAIT, P; AG FARJI BRENER & J PROTOMASTRO. 1994. Influence of biotic, chemical and mechanical plant defenses on the foraging pattern of the leaf-cutter ant (Acromyrmex striatus) in a subtropical forest. EcologÌa Austral 4:11-17.
HAMMOND, GB; NC BAENZIGER & DF WIEMER. 1990. Dammara-20,25-dien-3β,24α-diol: a natural repellent of Acromyrmex octospinosus. Phytochemistry 29:783-785.
HARBORNE, JB. l985. Phenolics and plant defence. Pp. 393-408 in: CF Van Sumere & PJ Lea (eds). The biochemistry of plant phenolics. Annual Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe. Vol 25. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
HARBORNE, JB. l997. Introduction to ecological biochemistry. 4th edn. Academic Press, London.
HATCHER, PE. 1990. Seasonal and age-related variation in the needle quality of five conifer species. Oecologia 85:200-212.
HERMS, DA & WJ MATTSON. 1992. The dilemma of plants: to grow or defend. Q. Rev. Biol. 67:283-335.
HOWARD, JJ. 1987. Leafcutting ant diet selection: the role of nutrients, water, and secondary chemistry. Ecology 68:503-515.
HOWARD, JJ. 1988. Leafcutting ant diet selection: relative influence of leaf chemistry and physical features. Ecology 69:250-260.
HOWARD, JJ; JRJ CAZIN & DF WIEMER. 1988. Toxicity of terpenoid deterrents to the leafcutting ant Atta cephalotes and its mutualistic fungus. J. Chem. Ecol. 14:59-69.
HUBBELL, SP; JJ HOWARD & DF WIEMER. 1984. Chemical leaf repellency to an attine ant: seasonal distribution among potential host plant species. Ecology 65:1067-1076.
HUBBELL, SP & DF WIEMER. 1983. Host plant selection by an attine ant. Pp. 133-154 in: P Jaisson (ed.). Social insects in the tropics. Univ. of Paris Press, Paris.
HUBBELL, SP; DF WIEMER & A ADEJARE. 1983. An antifungal terpenoid defends a Neotropical tree (Hymenaea) against attack by fungus-growing ants (Atta). Oecologia 60:321-327.
HUBERT, TD & DF WIEMER. 1985. Ant-repellent terpenoids from Melampodium divaricatum. Phytochemistry 24:1197-1198.
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