Actuar localmente, pensar globalmente. Estudios de hormigas en la Argentina en el contexto de la teoría ecológica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.22.32.2.1.1799Palabras clave:
control de plagas, dispersión de semillas, hipótesis ecológicas, hormigas, ingeniería ecológica, interacciones indirectas, invasiones biológicasResumen
Construir y probar principios generales es clave para acelerar el progreso científico. En este trabajo revisaremos los estudios realizados en la Argentina en los que las hormigas se usaron como organismo modelo para probar teorías, hipótesis y conceptos ecológicos. Específicamente, nos enfocaremos en los marcos conceptuales de ingeniería ecológica, interacciones indirectas, dispersión de semillas, ensamble de comunidades, invasiones biológicas y manejo integrado de plagas. Estos estudios contribuyeron a: 1) apoyar el concepto de ingenieros ecológicos al estudiar las modificaciones en el ambiente realizadas por las hormigas al construir y mantener sus hormigueros, y las consecuencias de estas modificaciones sobre la biota del suelo, las plantas y los herbívoros; 2) cuestionar la hipótesis de convergencia, que propone que comunidades independientes en ambientes parecidos, pero distantes geográficamente, convergen en composición y funcionamiento; 3) demostrar que la dispersión directa es un proceso que incrementa la adecuación de las plantas en sistemas desérticos; 4) comprender el tipo de control que prevalece en las comunidades (de arriba hacia abajo o de abajo hacia arriba); 5) enfatizar la relevancia de las interacciones indirectas, con ejemplos de cascadas tróficas, facilitación indirecta, competencia por explotación y efectos mediados por rasgos; 6) comprender mejor las causas del éxito o fracaso de las invasiones biológicas, a través del estudio de las características comportamentales y demográficas de las hormigas invasoras en su área nativa, y el papel de la resistencia biótica y la facilitación por mutualismos; y 7) explorar el concepto de manejo integrado de plagas estudiando el uso de enemigos naturales, repelentes y atrayentes, y el comportamiento de la alimentación de plagas. Todos estos trabajos refuerzan el papel clave de las hormigas como organismo modelo para poner a prueba hipótesis ecológicas, y enfatizan la importancia de usar marcos conceptuales como guía para comprender mejor la complejidad de los sistemas naturales.
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