Pecios artificiales: Consecuencias no deseadas del hundimiento deliberado de buques para el buceo recreativo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.25.35.1.0.2388Palabras clave:
Parques submarinos, buceo recreativo, hundimiento de buques, arrecifes artificiales, naufragios, desguace de buquesResumen
Los arrecifes artificiales son estructuras sumergidas de origen antrópico. En particular, los arrecifes artificiales a partir del hundimiento intencional de buques obsoletos se utilizan a menudo para crear parques y fomentar el turismo subacuático. Una vez hundidos, una diversa comunidad de organismos bentónicos coloniza rápidamente estos pecios artificiales. La industria del buceo recreativo valora esto de forma positiva, y es su principal argumento para promover los hundimientos. Sin embargo, existe una cantidad creciente de evidencias que muestran que los pecios artificiales no sustituyen los arrecifes naturales, y que, en cambio, pueden alterar procesos ecológicos complejos como la estructura de las tramas tróficas o incrementar el riesgo de establecimiento y dispersión de especies marinas invasoras. En este artículo discutimos diversas inquietudes sobre las consecuencias socioecológicas no deseadas de crear arrecifes artificiales mediante el hundimiento intencional de buques obsoletos, y problematizamos el paradigma de que esta práctica favorece la conservación marina. Aunque reconocemos que este tipo de arrecifes artificiales tienen beneficios económicos e, incluso, algunos efectos positivos en el ambiente, argumentamos que estos beneficios suelen alcanzar solo a una porción de la sociedad y que es una práctica que requiere ser discutida en un contexto más participativo. También discutimos aquí las implicancias para la gestión y proponemos ideas para fomentar el buceo recreativo mediante enfoques más sostenibles en términos ambientales. Esperamos aportar puntos de vista que conduzcan a avanzar en una gestión más integral y participativa de las áreas marino-costeras.
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